2L(1)							      General Commands Manual							     2L(1)

NAME

       2l, 6l, 8l, kl, vl, xl - loaders

SYNOPSIS

       2l [ option ...	] [ file ...  ]
       6l [ option ...	] [ file ...  ]
       8l [ option ...	] [ file ...  ]
       kl [ option ...	] [ file ...  ]
       vl [ option ...	] [ file ...  ]
       xl [ option ...	] [ file ...  ]

DESCRIPTION

       2l,  6l,  8l, kl, vl, and xl load the named files into MC68020, i960, i386, SPARC, MIPS, and ATT3210 executable files.  The files should be
       object files or libraries (archives of object files) for the appropriate architecture.  Also, a name  like  -lext  represents  the  library
       libext.a  in /$objtype/lib, where objtype is one of 68020, 960, 386, sparc, mips, or 3210.  The libraries must have tables of contents (see
       ar(1)).

       In practice, -l options are rarely necessary as the header files for the libraries cause their archives to be included automatically in the
       load  (see  2c(1)).   For  example,  any  program  that	includes  header  file	libc.h	causes	the  loader to search the C library /$obj-
       type/lib/libc.a.  Also, the loader creates an undefined symbol _main (or _mainp if profiling is enabled) to force loading  of  the  startup
       linkage from the C library.

       The  order  of search to resolve undefined symbols is to load all files and libraries mentioned explicitly on the command line, and then to
       resolve remaining symbols by searching in topological order libraries mentioned in header files included by  files  already  loaded.   When
       scanning  such  libraries,  the algorithm is to scan each library repeatedly until no new undefined symbols are picked up, then to start on
       the next library.  Thus if library A needs B which needs A again, it may be necessary to mention A explicitly so it will be read  a  second
       time.

       The loader options are:

       -l	 (As a bare option.)  Suppress the default loading of the startup linkage and libraries specified by header files.

       -o out	 Place output in file out.  Default is O.out, where O is the first letter of the loader name.

       -p	 Insert profiling code into the executable output; no special action is needed during compilation or assembly.

       -s	 Strip the symbol tables from the output file.

       -a	 Print the object code in assembly language, with addresses.

       -v	 Print debugging output that annotates the activities of the load.

       -cfunction
		 (Xl only) Place the function in the internal RAM of the DSP3210.

       -M	 (Kl only) Generate instructions rather than calls to emulation routines for multiply and divide.

       -msize	 (Xl only) Use size (default 0, maximum 8192) bytes of internal RAM of the DSP3210 for functions and small data items.

       -Esymbol  The entry point for the binary is symbol (default _main; _mainp under -p).

       -Hn	 Executable header is type n.  The meaning of the types is architecture-dependent; typically type 1 is Plan 9 boot format and type
		 2 is the regular Plan 9 format, the default.  These are reversed on the MIPS.	The Next boot format is 3.  Type 4 in vl creates a
		 MIPS executable for an SGI Unix system.

       -Tt	 The text segment starts at address t.

       -Dd	 The data segment starts at address d.

       -Rr	 The text segment is rounded to a multiple of r (if r is nonzero).

       The  numbers  in the above options can begin with or to change the default base from decimal to hexadecimal or octal.  The defaults for the
       values depend on the compiler and the header type.

       The loaded image has several symbols inserted by the loader: etext is the address of the end of the text segment; bdata is the  address	of
       the  beginning  of the data segment; edata is the address of the end of the data segment; and end is the address of the end of the bss seg-
       ment, and of the program.

FILES

       /$objtype/lib
	      for -llib arguments.

SOURCE

       /sys/src/cmd/2l etc.

SEE ALSO

       2c(1), 2a(1), alef(1), ar(1), nm(1), db(1), prof(1)

       Rob Pike, ``How to Use the Plan 9 C Compiler''

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