06-12-2014
In addition, I would consider using $2!=pid, since at some point, the numbering of processes may start anew, so an earlier process is not always guaranteed to have a lower number..
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KILL(2) BSD System Calls Manual KILL(2)
NAME
kill -- send signal to a process
LIBRARY
Standard C Library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
#include <signal.h>
int
kill(pid_t pid, int sig);
DESCRIPTION
The kill() function sends the signal given by sig to pid, a process or a group of processes. sig may be one of the signals specified in
sigaction(2) or it may be 0, in which case error checking is performed but no signal is actually sent. This can be used to check the valid-
ity of pid.
For a process to have permission to send a signal to a process designated by pid, the real or effective user ID of the receiving process must
match that of the sending process or the user must have appropriate privileges (such as given by a set-user-ID program or the user is the
super-user). A single exception is the signal SIGCONT, which may always be sent to any descendant of the current process.
If pid is greater than zero:
sig is sent to the process whose ID is equal to pid.
If pid is zero:
sig is sent to all processes whose process group ID is equal to the process group ID of the sender, and for which the process has
permission; this is a variant of killpg(3).
If pid is -1:
If the user has super-user privileges, the signal is sent to all processes excluding system processes and the process sending the
signal. If the user is not the super user, the signal is sent to all processes with the same uid as the user excluding the process
sending the signal. No error is returned if any process could be signaled.
For compatibility with System V, if the process number is negative but not -1, the signal is sent to all processes whose process group ID is
equal to the absolute value of the process number. This is a variant of killpg(3).
RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion, a value of 0 is returned. Otherwise, a value of -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
kill() will fail and no signal will be sent if:
[EINVAL] sig is not a valid signal number.
[ESRCH] No process can be found corresponding to that specified by pid.
[ESRCH] The process id was given as 0 but the sending process does not have a process group.
[EPERM] The sending process is not the super-user and its effective user id does not match the effective user-id of the receiving
process. When signaling a process group, this error is returned if any members of the group could not be signaled.
SEE ALSO
getpgrp(2), getpid(2), sigaction(2), killpg(3), signal(7)
STANDARDS
The kill() function is expected to conform to ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990 (``POSIX.1'').
BSD
April 19, 1994 BSD