10-05-2013
Help with Linux shell
Taking a class and having trouble with this whole section.
1. What is the name of the action the shell performs on your command-line after you hit the ENTER key (i.e., to cut your command-line syntax into its constituent tokens, including its commands, options and arguments)?
Hint: It is a word that begins with a “p”
2. What is the name of the important shell variable that is used to find where the command you entered might be stored in the file system, allowing you to make changes to these locations as needed (i.e., to add your own, personal ~/bin directory to the search list)?
Hint: It is a word that begins with a “P”
3. Figure out what the following sequence of commands is trying to accomplish - that is, the end result - and write a single command-line syntax to achieve the same result, using sort as a filter (i.e., don't use sort as the first command), and without creating any new files at all (that is, other than the one that already existed before you started your command-line, and that serves as the input in this example). Do not create and then delete files in your solution. Type your command-line solution:
Hint: Do not use any temp files...
$ sort list > temp
$ lpr temp
$ rm temp
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JOIN(1) General Commands Manual JOIN(1)
NAME
join - relational database operator
SYNOPSIS
join [ options ] file1 file2
DESCRIPTION
Join forms, on the standard output, a join of the two relations specified by the lines of file1 and file2. If one of the file names is the
standard input is used.
File1 and file2 must be sorted in increasing ASCII collating sequence on the fields on which they are to be joined, normally the first in
each line.
There is one line in the output for each pair of lines in file1 and file2 that have identical join fields. The output line normally con-
sists of the common field, then the rest of the line from file1, then the rest of the line from file2.
Input fields are normally separated spaces or tabs; output fields by space. In this case, multiple separators count as one, and leading
separators are discarded.
The following options are recognized, with POSIX syntax.
-a n In addition to the normal output, produce a line for each unpairable line in file n, where n is 1 or 2.
-v n Like -a, omitting output for paired lines.
-e s Replace empty output fields by string s.
-1 m
-2 m Join on the mth field of file1 or file2.
-jn m Archaic equivalent for -n m.
-ofields
Each output line comprises the designated fields. The comma-separated field designators are either 0, meaning the join field, or
have the form n.m, where n is a file number and m is a field number. Archaic usage allows separate arguments for field designators.
-tc Use character c as the only separator (tab character) on input and output. Every appearance of c in a line is significant.
EXAMPLES
sort /adm/users | join -t: -a 1 -e "" - bdays
Add birthdays to password information, leaving unknown birthdays empty. The layout of is given in users(6); bdays contains sorted
lines like
tr : ' ' </adm/users | sort -k 3 3 >temp
join -1 3 -2 3 -o 1.1,2.1 temp temp | awk '$1 < $2'
Print all pairs of users with identical userids.
SOURCE
/sys/src/cmd/join.c
SEE ALSO
sort(1), comm(1), awk(1)
BUGS
With default field separation, the collating sequence is that of sort -b -ky,y; with -t, the sequence is that of sort -tx -ky,y.
One of the files must be randomly accessible.
JOIN(1)