03-23-2013
Quote:
Originally Posted by
hanson44
Yes, I think the sort syntax reinforces what I was trying to say. "sort -t, -k 8 fields.txt" sorts "field 8". The sort man page refers to "field separator" and "field number" and --field-separator. "column" is not even mentioned on the sort man page.
For the position within a field, both sort and cut use "character" instead of "column". In other words, cut says --characters where I would have said --columns. To me "characters" is confusing, as could be interpreted to be "--characters=ABC" as if looking for those "characters". The man pages says "select only these characters". Why did they choose --characters instead of --columns for the option name?
Of course, nobody is going to change the option name at this point. I suppose they could at least improve the cut man page, to say "select only these character positions".
If you have a tab character, it may occupy one or more columns. If you have a backspace character, that character and the character it follows may occupy only one column. If you are looking at a Kanji character, a single character may occupy two columns. That is why we chose character rather than column for the tag associated with the -c option to sort.
The cut utility does not perform cuts based on the columns in which characters will be displayed. It can perform cuts based on the number of bytes (-b), the number of characters (-c), or the number of fields (-f). There is no option to cut the characters or bytes that will occupy a particular range of column positions (such as recognizing that the three character sequence <a><backspace><underline> immediately following a <newline> character will all occupy output column number one on some output devices). And the way the sequence of characters <a><tab><backspace><c> translates into output columns may vary considerably based not only on the position within a line where it appears but also on the software or hardware that is interpreting that sequence. Does the <backspace> character backspace over the previous output column or over the previous character (<tab> in this case)? What does the <backspace> character do when it is the first character on a line? Again, counting characters provides a clearly defined operation. If we had used output columns instead of characters (or bytes), the behavior required would not match any known existing implementation of the cut utility.
When using a fixed width character set, rows and columns are solid concepts on a CRT, typewriter, or printer and also when talking about entries in a table in a spreadsheet. Columns are much less precise when talking about the contents of a text file.
Characters, on the other hand, are explicitly defined by the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale.
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LEARN ABOUT PHP
oci_result
OCI_RESULT(3) OCI_RESULT(3)
oci_result - Returns field's value from the fetched row
SYNOPSIS
mixed oci_result (resource $statement, mixed $field)
DESCRIPTION
Returns the data from $field in the current row, fetched by oci_fetch(3).
For details on the data type mapping performed by the OCI8 extension, see the datatypes supported by the driver
PARAMETERS
o $statement
-
o $field
- Can be either use the column number (1-based) or the column name. The case of the column name must be the case that Oracle meta
data describes the column as, which is uppercase for columns created case insensitively.
RETURN VALUES
Returns everything as strings except for abstract types (ROWIDs, LOBs and FILEs). Returns FALSE on error.
EXAMPLES
Example #1
oci_fetch(3) with oci_result(3)
<?php
$conn = oci_connect('hr', 'welcome', 'localhost/XE');
if (!$conn) {
$e = oci_error();
trigger_error(htmlentities($e['message'], ENT_QUOTES), E_USER_ERROR);
}
$sql = 'SELECT location_id, city FROM locations WHERE location_id < 1200';
$stid = oci_parse($conn, $sql);
oci_execute($stid);
while (oci_fetch($stid)) {
echo oci_result($stid, 'LOCATION_ID') . " is ";
echo oci_result($stid, 'CITY') . "<br>
";
}
// Displays:
// 1000 is Roma
// 1100 is Venice
oci_free_statement($stid);
oci_close($conn);
?>
NOTES
Note
In PHP versions before 5.0.0 you must use ociresult(3) instead. This name still can be used, it was left as alias of oci_result(3)
for downwards compatability. This, however, is deprecated and not recommended.
SEE ALSO
oci_fetch_array(3), oci_fetch_assoc(3), oci_fetch_object(3), oci_fetch_row(3), oci_fetch_all(3).
PHP Documentation Group OCI_RESULT(3)