10-05-2012
I can't think of anything else like Ubuntu. It's not even like most Linux.
The rest of those questions are too vague to give useful answers to unfortunately.
How the many, many different kinds of UNIX and Linux are alike is the environment they provide to application programmers. The Bourne shell and a clutter of standard utilities to use with it. The open() close() socket() system calls. Standard input and output streams for processes. Device files under /dev/. The standard C library. Filesystems with a root at / and other partitions mounted wherever appropriate instead of drive letters, etc, etc, etc.
How you manage these systems, though, can be very different.
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LEARN ABOUT DEBIAN
os_type
os_type(3alleg4) Allegro manual os_type(3alleg4)
NAME
os_type - Stores the detected type of the OS. Allegro game programming library.
SYNOPSIS
#include <allegro.h>
extern int os_type;
DESCRIPTION
Set by allegro_init() to one of the values:
OSTYPE_UNKNOWN - unknown, or regular MSDOS
OSTYPE_WIN3 - Windows 3.1 or earlier
OSTYPE_WIN95 - Windows 95
OSTYPE_WIN98 - Windows 98
OSTYPE_WINME - Windows ME
OSTYPE_WINNT - Windows NT
OSTYPE_WIN2000 - Windows 2000
OSTYPE_WINXP - Windows XP
OSTYPE_WIN2003 - Windows 2003
OSTYPE_WINVISTA - Windows Vista
OSTYPE_OS2 - OS/2
OSTYPE_WARP - OS/2 Warp 3
OSTYPE_DOSEMU - Linux DOSEMU
OSTYPE_OPENDOS - Caldera OpenDOS
OSTYPE_LINUX - Linux
OSTYPE_SUNOS - SunOS/Solaris
OSTYPE_FREEBSD - FreeBSD
OSTYPE_NETBSD - NetBSD
OSTYPE_IRIX - IRIX
OSTYPE_DARWIN - Darwin
OSTYPE_QNX - QNX
OSTYPE_UNIX - Unknown Unix variant
OSTYPE_BEOS - BeOS
OSTYPE_MACOS - MacOS
OSTYPE_MACOSX - MacOS X
SEE ALSO
allegro_init(3alleg4), os_version(3alleg4), os_multitasking(3alleg4)
Allegro version 4.4.2 os_type(3alleg4)