12-07-2011
Definition I found with Google:
Internal Fragmentation is the term used to describe disk space which is allocated to a file but unused because the file is smaller than the allocated space.
As you again omit to mention what Operating System and version you have, and what Filesystem Type you have (e.g. UFS, VxFS , whatever) all answers can only be general.
Comparing the output from "du -s" with the total of the sizes of the files as reported by "ls -la" demonstrates the discrepancy.
Proprietary software may well provide better tools. Depends what you have.
It's a real problem on Windows systems with large discs and large numbers of small files. A disc upgrade can actually reduce the amount of free space!
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df_hfs(1M) df_hfs(1M)
NAME
df_hfs: df - report number of free CDFS, HFS, or NFS file system disk blocks
SYNOPSIS
FStype] specific_options] [special|directory]...
DESCRIPTION
The command displays the number of free 512-byte blocks and free inodes available for file systems by examining the counts kept in the
superblock or superblocks. If a special or a directory is not specified, the free space on all mounted file systems is displayed. If the
arguments to are path names, reports on the file systems containing the named files. If the argument to is a special of an unmounted file
system, the free space in the unmounted file system is displayed.
Options
recognizes the following options:
Report only the number of kilobytes (KB) free.
Report the total number of blocks allocated for swapping to the file system
as well as the number of blocks free for swapping to the file system. This option is supported on HFS file systems
only.
Report the number of files free.
Report only the actual count of the blocks in the free list
(free inodes are not reported). When this option is specified, reports on raw devices.
Report only on the
FStype file system type (see fstyp(1M)). For the purposes of this manual entry, FStype can be one of and for the
CDFS, HFS, and NFS file systems, respectively.
Report the entire structure described in
statvfs(2).
Report the total number of inodes,
the number of free inodes, number of used inodes, and the percentage of inodes in use.
Report the allocation in kilobytes (KB).
Report on local file systems only.
Report the file system name.
If used with no other options, display a list of mounted file system types.
Specify options specific to the HFS file system type.
specific_options is a comma-separated list of suboptions.
The available suboption is:
Report the number of used and free inodes.
Report the total allocated block figures and the number of free blocks.
Report the percentage of blocks used,
the number of blocks used, and the number of blocks free. This option cannot be used with other options.
Echo the completed command line, but perform no other action.
The command line is generated by incorporating the user-specified options and other information derived from This
option allows the user to verify the command line.
When is used on an HFS file system, the file space reported is the space available to the ordinary user, and does not include the reserved
file space specified by
Unreported reserved blocks are available only to users who have appropriate privileges. See tunefs(1M) for information about
When is used on NFS file systems, the number of inodes is displayed as -1 . This is due to superuser access restrictions over NFS.
EXAMPLES
Report the number of free disk blocks for all mounted file systems:
Report the number of free disk blocks for all mounted HFS file systems:
Report the number of free files for all mounted NFS file systems:
Report the total allocated block figures and the number of free blocks, for all mounted file systems:
Report the total allocated block figures and the number of free blocks, for the file system mounted as /usr:
WARNINGS
does not account for:
o Disk space reserved for swap space,
o Space used for the HFS boot block (8K bytes, 1 per file system),
o HFS superblocks (8K bytes each, 1 per disk cylinder),
o HFS cylinder group blocks (1K-8K bytes each, 1 per cylinder group),
o Inodes (currently 128 bytes reserved for each inode).
Non-HFS file systems may have other items that this command does not account for.
The option, from prior releases, has been replaced by the option.
FILES
File system devices.
Static information about the file systems
Mounted file system table
SEE ALSO
du(1), df(1M), fsck(1M), fstab(4), fstyp(1M), statvfs(2), mnttab(4).
STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
df_hfs(1M)