11-30-2011
Please post what Operating System and version you have, the Shell (e.g. bash, ksh, sh etc.).
In most Shells $PPID is the PID of the process which invoked the current Shell. In bash Shell this environment variable is write protected.
Oracle needs substantial unix kernel tuning. The kernel parameter "maximum number of files open by any one user" is as important as "maximum number of files open on the system" and "maximum number of files locked on the system".
There are detailed kernel tuning guides from Oracle for each O/S, but there will still be more tuning depending on the application.
Getting "defunct" processes from an Oracle client-server application is nothing unusal and the Operating System should clear them up within an hour or so. They are commonly caused by people clicking "X" in a Windows client instead of doing a proper application logout. If they persist for longer this can be because of an application error or because they are stuck when accessing broken hardware.
Depending on your circumstances you may need to tune the unix kernel to allow for as many as double the Oracle clients you actually expect ... or more.
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preap(1) User Commands preap(1)
NAME
preap - force a defunct process to be reaped by its parent
SYNOPSIS
preap [-F] pid...
DESCRIPTION
A defunct (or zombie) process is one whose exit status has yet to be reaped by its parent. The exit status is reaped via the wait(3C),
waitid(2), or waitpid(3C) system call. In the normal course of system operation, zombies may occur, but are typically short-lived. This may
happen if a parent exits without having reaped the exit status of some or all of its children. In that case, those children are reparented
to PID 1. See init(1M), which periodically reaps such processes.
An irresponsible parent process may not exit for a very long time and thus leave zombies on the system. Since the operating system destroys
nearly all components of a process before it becomes defunct, such defunct processes do not normally impact system operation. However, they
do consume a small amount of system memory.
preap forces the parent of the process specified by pid to waitid(3C) for pid, if pid represents a defunct process.
preap will attempt to prevent the administrator from unwisely reaping a child process which might soon be reaped by the parent, if:
o The process is a child of init(1M).
o The parent process is stopped and might wait on the child when it is again allowed to run.
o The process has been defunct for less than one minute.
OPTIONS
The following option is supported:
-F Forces the parent to reap the child, overriding safety checks.
OPERANDS
The following operand is supported:
pid Process ID list.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned by preap, which prints the exit status of each target process reaped:
0 Successfully operation.
non-zero Failure, such as no such process, permission denied, or invalid option.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|Availability |SUNWesu (32-bit) |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
| |SUNWesxu (64-bit) |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
SEE ALSO
proc(1), init(1M), waitid(2), wait(3C), waitpid(3C), proc(4), attributes(5)
WARNINGS
preap should be applied sparingly and only in situations in which the administrator or developer has confirmed that defunct processes will
not be reaped by the parent process. Otherwise, applying preap may damage the parent process in unpredictable ways.
SunOS 5.10 26 Mar 2001 preap(1)