MOUNT_NULLFS(8) 					    BSD System Manager's Manual 					   MOUNT_NULLFS(8)

NAME

     mount_nullfs -- mount a loopback file system sub-tree; demonstrate the use of a null file system layer

SYNOPSIS

     mount_nullfs [-o options] target mount-point

DESCRIPTION

     The mount_nullfs utility creates a null layer, duplicating a sub-tree of the file system name space under another part of the global file
     system namespace.	This allows existing files and directories to be accessed using a different pathname.

     The primary differences between a virtual copy of the file system and a symbolic link are that the getcwd(3) functions work correctly in the
     virtual copy, and that other file systems may be mounted on the virtual copy without affecting the original.  A different device number for
     the virtual copy is returned by stat(2), but in other respects it is indistinguishable from the original.

     The mount_nullfs file system differs from a traditional loopback file system in two respects: it is implemented using a stackable layers
     techniques, and its ``null-node''s stack above all lower-layer vnodes, not just over directory vnodes.

     The options are as follows:

     -o      Options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma separated string of options.  See the mount(8) man page for possible options
	     and their meanings.

     The null layer has two purposes.  First, it serves as a demonstration of layering by providing a layer which does nothing.  (It actually does
     everything the loopback file system does, which is slightly more than nothing.)  Second, the null layer can serve as a prototype layer.
     Since it provides all necessary layer framework, new file system layers can be created very easily by starting with a null layer.

     The remainder of this man page examines the null layer as a basis for constructing new layers.

INSTANTIATING NEW NULL LAYERS

     New null layers are created with mount_nullfs.  The mount_nullfs utility takes two arguments, the pathname of the lower vfs (target-pn) and
     the pathname where the null layer will appear in the namespace (mount-point-pn).  After the null layer is put into place, the contents of
     target-pn subtree will be aliased under mount-point-pn.

OPERATION OF A NULL LAYER

     The null layer is the minimum file system layer, simply bypassing all possible operations to the lower layer for processing there.  The
     majority of its activity centers on the bypass routine, through which nearly all vnode operations pass.

     The bypass routine accepts arbitrary vnode operations for handling by the lower layer.  It begins by examining vnode operation arguments and
     replacing any null-nodes by their lower-layer equivalents.  It then invokes the operation on the lower layer.  Finally, it replaces the null-
     nodes in the arguments and, if a vnode is returned by the operation, stacks a null-node on top of the returned vnode.

     Although bypass handles most operations, vop_getattr, vop_inactive, vop_reclaim, and vop_print are not bypassed.  Vop_getattr must change the
     fsid being returned.  Vop_inactive and vop_reclaim are not bypassed so that they can handle freeing null-layer specific data.  Vop_print is
     not bypassed to avoid excessive debugging information.

INSTANTIATING VNODE STACKS

     Mounting associates the null layer with a lower layer, in effect stacking two VFSes.  Vnode stacks are instead created on demand as files are
     accessed.

     The initial mount creates a single vnode stack for the root of the new null layer.  All other vnode stacks are created as a result of vnode
     operations on this or other null vnode stacks.

     New vnode stacks come into existence as a result of an operation which returns a vnode.  The bypass routine stacks a null-node above the new
     vnode before returning it to the caller.

     For example, imagine mounting a null layer with

	   mount_nullfs /usr/include /dev/layer/null

     Changing directory to /dev/layer/null will assign the root null-node (which was created when the null layer was mounted).	Now consider open-
     ing sys.  A vop_lookup would be done on the root null-node.  This operation would bypass through to the lower layer which would return a
     vnode representing the UFS sys.  Null_bypass then builds a null-node aliasing the UFS sys and returns this to the caller.	Later operations
     on the null-node sys will repeat this process when constructing other vnode stacks.

CREATING OTHER FILE SYSTEM LAYERS

     One of the easiest ways to construct new file system layers is to make a copy of the null layer, rename all files and variables, and then
     begin modifying the copy.	The sed(1) utility can be used to easily rename all variables.

     The umap layer is an example of a layer descended from the null layer.

INVOKING OPERATIONS ON LOWER LAYERS

     There are two techniques to invoke operations on a lower layer when the operation cannot be completely bypassed.  Each method is appropriate
     in different situations.  In both cases, it is the responsibility of the aliasing layer to make the operation arguments "correct" for the
     lower layer by mapping a vnode argument to the lower layer.

     The first approach is to call the aliasing layer's bypass routine.  This method is most suitable when you wish to invoke the operation cur-
     rently being handled on the lower layer.  It has the advantage that the bypass routine already must do argument mapping.  An example of this
     is null_getattrs in the null layer.

     A second approach is to directly invoke vnode operations on the lower layer with the VOP_OPERATIONNAME interface.	The advantage of this
     method is that it is easy to invoke arbitrary operations on the lower layer.  The disadvantage is that vnode arguments must be manually
     mapped.

SEE ALSO

     mount(8)

     UCLA Technical Report CSD-910056, Stackable Layers: an Architecture for File System Development.

HISTORY

     The mount_nullfs utility first appeared in 4.4BSD.

BSD
								    May 1, 1995 							       BSD