RAND(3P)						     POSIX Programmer's Manual							  RAND(3P)

PROLOG

       This  manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the correspond-
       ing Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.

NAME

       rand, rand_r, srand - pseudo-random number generator

SYNOPSIS

       #include <stdlib.h>

       int rand(void);

       int rand_r(unsigned *seed);
       void srand(unsigned seed);

DESCRIPTION

       The rand() function shall compute a sequence of pseudo-random integers in the range [0, {RAND_MAX}]  with a period of at least 2**32.

       The rand() function need not be reentrant. A function that is not required to be reentrant is not required to be thread-safe.

       The rand_r() function shall compute a sequence of pseudo-random integers in the range [0, {RAND_MAX}]. (The value of the  {RAND_MAX}  macro
       shall be at least 32767.)

       If  rand_r()  is  called  with  the same initial value for the object pointed to by seed and that object is not modified between successive
       returns and calls to rand_r(), the same sequence shall be generated.

       The srand() function uses the argument as a seed for a new sequence of pseudo-random numbers to be returned by subsequent calls to  rand().
       If srand() is then called with the same seed value, the sequence of pseudo-random numbers shall be repeated. If rand() is called before any
       calls to srand() are made, the same sequence shall be generated as when srand() is first called with a seed value of 1.

       The implementation shall behave as if no function defined in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 calls rand() or srand().

RETURN VALUE

       The rand() function shall return the next pseudo-random number in the sequence.

       The rand_r() function shall return a pseudo-random integer.

       The srand() function shall not return a value.

ERRORS

       No errors are defined.

       The following sections are informative.

EXAMPLES

   Generating a Pseudo-Random Number Sequence
       The following example demonstrates how to generate a sequence of pseudo-random numbers.

	      #include <stdio.h>
	      #include <stdlib.h>
	      ...
		  long count, i;
		  char *keystr;
		  int elementlen, len;
		  char c;
	      ...
	      /* Initial random number generator. */
		  srand(1);

		  /* Create keys using only lowercase characters */
		  len = 0;
		  for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
		      while (len < elementlen) {
			  c = (char) (rand() % 128);
			  if (islower(c))
			      keystr[len++] = c;
		      }

		      keystr[len] = '';
		      printf("%s Element%0*ld
", keystr, elementlen, i);
		      len = 0;
		  }

   Generating the Same Sequence on Different Machines
       The following code defines a pair of functions that could be incorporated into applications wishing to ensure that  the	same  sequence	of
       numbers is generated across different machines.

	      static unsigned long next = 1;
	      int myrand(void)	/* RAND_MAX assumed to be 32767. */
	      {
		  next = next * 1103515245 + 12345;
		  return((unsigned)(next/65536) % 32768);
	      }

	      void mysrand(unsigned seed)
	      {
		  next = seed;
	      }

APPLICATION USAGE

       The drand48() function provides a much more elaborate random number generator.

       The  limitations  on  the amount of state that can be carried between one function call and another mean the rand_r() function can never be
       implemented in a way which satisfies all of the requirements on a pseudo-random number generator. Therefore this function should be avoided
       whenever non-trivial requirements (including safety) have to be fulfilled.

RATIONALE

       The ISO C standard rand() and srand() functions allow per-process pseudo-random streams shared by all threads. Those two functions need not
       change, but there has to be mutual-exclusion that prevents interference between two threads concurrently accessing the random number gener-
       ator.

       With regard to rand(), there are two different behaviors that may be wanted in a multi-threaded program:

	1. A single per-process sequence of pseudo-random numbers that is shared by all threads that call rand()

	2. A different sequence of pseudo-random numbers for each thread that calls rand()

       This  is  provided  by  the  modified thread-safe function based on whether the seed value is global to the entire process or local to each
       thread.

       This does not address the known deficiencies of the rand() function implementations, which have been approached by maintaining more  state.
       In effect, this specifies new thread-safe forms of a deficient function.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

       None.

SEE ALSO

       drand48(), the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <stdlib.h>

COPYRIGHT

       Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technol-
       ogy -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
       Electrical  and	Electronics  Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE
       and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can  be  obtained
       online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

IEEE
/The Open Group						       2003								  RAND(3P)