03-08-2011
Quote:
Originally Posted by
homeboy
It says that the red part of that code does not close fd 3 but the green does close the fd 3.I can't understand that.....Why?Any predicate will be appreciated.
It'd be more accurate to say that
grep and
ls get separate sets of file descriptors, so they close them individually. The shell forks twice, once to create each of those processes. FD 3 is closed
in the forks but not in the original shell itself. Once they return, the exec closes FD 3 in the shell itself. That's what the exec does, changes the original shell's own file descriptors.
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EXEC(P) POSIX Programmer's Manual EXEC(P)
NAME
exec - execute commands and open, close, or copy file descriptors
SYNOPSIS
exec [command [argument ...]]
DESCRIPTION
The exec utility shall open, close, and/or copy file descriptors as specified by any redirections as part of the command.
If exec is specified without command or arguments, and any file descriptors with numbers greater than 2 are opened with associated redi-
rection statements, it is unspecified whether those file descriptors remain open when the shell invokes another utility. Scripts concerned
that child shells could misuse open file descriptors can always close them explicitly, as shown in one of the following examples.
If exec is specified with command, it shall replace the shell with command without creating a new process. If arguments are specified,
they shall be arguments to command. Redirection affects the current shell execution environment.
OPTIONS
None.
OPERANDS
See the DESCRIPTION.
STDIN
Not used.
INPUT FILES
None.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
None.
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
Not used.
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
If command is specified, exec shall not return to the shell; rather, the exit status of the process shall be the exit status of the program
implementing command, which overlaid the shell. If command is not found, the exit status shall be 127. If command is found, but it is not
an executable utility, the exit status shall be 126. If a redirection error occurs (see Consequences of Shell Errors ), the shell shall
exit with a value in the range 1-125. Otherwise, exec shall return a zero exit status.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
None.
EXAMPLES
Open readfile as file descriptor 3 for reading:
exec 3< readfile
Open writefile as file descriptor 4 for writing:
exec 4> writefile
Make file descriptor 5 a copy of file descriptor 0:
exec 5<&0
Close file descriptor 3:
exec 3<&-
Cat the file maggie by replacing the current shell with the cat utility:
exec cat maggie
RATIONALE
Most historical implementations were not conformant in that:
foo=bar exec cmd
did not pass foo to cmd.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
Special Built-In Utilities
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technol-
ogy -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE
and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained
online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
IEEE
/The Open Group 2003 EXEC(P)