10-25-2010
Checking Bits
Hi,
would some kindly explain what is mean by BITS in forum saving bits,checking bits etc. and what it is for?
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BITS(3) BSD Library Functions Manual BITS(3)
NAME
__BIT, __BITS, __SHIFTIN, __SHIFTOUT, __SHIFTOUT_MASK -- macros for preparing bitmasks and operating on bit fields
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/cdefs.h>
uintmax_t
__BIT(n);
uintmax_t
__BITS(m, n);
__SHIFTIN(v, mask);
__SHIFTOUT(v, mask);
__SHIFTOUT_MASK(mask);
DESCRIPTION
These macros prepare bitmasks, extract bitfields from words, and insert bitfields into words. A ``bitfield'' is a span of consecutive bits
defined by a bitmask, where 1s select the bits in the bitfield.
Use __BIT() and __BITS() to define bitmasks:
__BIT(n)
Return a bitmask with bit n set, where the least significant bit is bit 0.
__BITS(m, n)
Return a bitmask with bits m through n, inclusive, set. It does not matter whether m > n or m <= n. The least significant bit
is bit 0.
__SHIFTIN(), __SHIFTOUT(), and __SHIFTOUT_MASK() help read and write bitfields from words:
__SHIFTIN(v, mask)
Left-shift bits v into the bitfield defined by mask, and return them. No side-effects.
__SHIFTOUT(v, mask)
Extract and return the bitfield selected by mask from v, right-shifting the bits so that the rightmost selected bit is
at bit 0. No side-effects.
__SHIFTOUT_MASK(mask)
Right-shift the bits in mask so that the rightmost non-zero bit is at bit 0. This is useful for finding the greatest
unsigned value that a bitfield can hold. No side-effects. Note that __SHIFTOUT_MASK(m) = __SHIFTOUT(m, m).
EXAMPLES
The following example demonstrates basic usage of the bits macros:
uint32_t bits, mask, val;
bits = __BITS(2, 3); /* 00001100 */
mask = __BIT(2) | __BIT(3); /* 00001100 */
val = __SHIFTIN(0x03, mask); /* 00001100 */
val = __SHIFTOUT(0xf, mask); /* 00000011 */
SEE ALSO
bitops(3), cdefs(3)
HISTORY
The bits macros first appeared in atw(4), with different names and implementation. In their current form these macros appeared in
NetBSD 4.0.
AUTHORS
The bits macros were written by David Young <dyoung@NetBSD.org>.
Matt Thomas <matt@NetBSD.org> suggested important improvements to the implementation, and contributed the macro names SHIFTIN() and
SHIFTOUT().
BUGS
__BIT() and __BITS() can only express 32-bit bitmasks.
BSD
October 17, 2012 BSD