CORE(5) 						     Linux Programmer's Manual							   CORE(5)

NAME

       core - core dump file

DESCRIPTION

       The  default  action of certain signals is to cause a process to terminate and produce a core dump file, a disk file containing an image of
       the process's memory at the time of termination.  This image can be used in a debugger (e.g., gdb(1)) to inspect the state of  the  program
       at the time that it terminated.	A list of the signals which cause a process to dump core can be found in signal(7).

       A process can set its soft RLIMIT_CORE resource limit to place an upper limit on the size of the core dump file that will be produced if it
       receives a "core dump" signal; see getrlimit(2) for details.

       There are various circumstances in which a core dump file is not produced:

       *  The process does not have permission to write the core file.	(By default the core file is called core, and is created  in  the  current
	  working  directory.  See below for details on naming.)  Writing the core file will fail if the directory in which it is to be created is
	  nonwritable, or if a file with the same name exists and is not writable or is not a regular file (e.g., it is a directory or a  symbolic
	  link).

       *  A (writable, regular) file with the same name as would be used for the core dump already exists, but there is more than one hard link to
	  that file.

       *  The file system where the core dump file would be created is full; or has run out of inodes; or is mounted read-only; or  the  user  has
	  reached their quota for the file system.

       *  The directory in which the core dump file is to be created does not exist.

       *  The  RLIMIT_CORE  (core file size) or RLIMIT_FSIZE (file size) resource limits for the process are set to zero; see getrlimit(2) and the
	  documentation of the shell's ulimit command (limit in csh(1)).

       *  The binary being executed by the process does not have read permission enabled.

       *  The process is executing a set-user-ID (set-group-ID) program that is owned by a user (group) other than the real user (group) ID of the
	  process.  (However, see the description of the prctl(2) PR_SET_DUMPABLE operation, and the description of the /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable
	  file in proc(5).)

   Naming of core dump files
       By default, a core dump file is named core, but the /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern file (since Linux 2.6 and 2.4.21) can be set to define  a
       template  that is used to name core dump files.	The template can contain % specifiers which are substituted by the following values when a
       core file is created:

	   %%  a single % character
	   %p  PID of dumped process
	   %u  (numeric) real UID of dumped process
	   %g  (numeric) real GID of dumped process
	   %s  number of signal causing dump
	   %t  time of dump, expressed as seconds since the Epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC)
	   %h  hostname (same as nodename returned by uname(2))
	   %e  executable filename (without path prefix)
	   %c  core file size soft resource limit of crashing process (since Linux 2.6.24)

       A single % at the end of the template is dropped from the core filename, as is the combination of a % followed by any character other  than
       those listed above.  All other characters in the template become a literal part of the core filename.  The template may include '/' charac-
       ters, which are interpreted as delimiters for directory names.  The maximum size of the resulting core filename is 128 bytes (64  bytes	in
       kernels	before	2.6.19).  The default value in this file is "core".  For backward compatibility, if /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern does not
       include "%p" and /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid (see below) is nonzero, then .PID will be appended to the core filename.

       Since version 2.4, Linux has also provided a more primitive method of controlling the name of the core dump file.   If  the  /proc/sys/ker-
       nel/core_uses_pid  file	contains the value 0, then a core dump file is simply named core.  If this file contains a nonzero value, then the
       core dump file includes the process ID in a name of the form core.PID.

   Piping core dumps to a program
       Since kernel 2.6.19, Linux supports an alternate syntax for the /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern file.  If the first character of this file is
       a pipe symbol (|), then the remainder of the line is interpreted as a program to be executed.  Instead of being written to a disk file, the
       core dump is given as standard input to the program.  Note the following points:

       *  The program must be specified using an absolute pathname (or a pathname relative to the root directory, /), and must immediately  follow
	  the '|' character.

       *  The process created to run the program runs as user and group root.

       *  Command-line	arguments can be supplied to the program (since kernel 2.6.24), delimited by white space (up to a total line length of 128
	  bytes).

       *  The command-line arguments can include any of the % specifiers listed above.	For example, to pass the PID of the process that is  being
	  dumped, specify %p in an argument.

   Controlling which mappings are written to the core dump
       Since kernel 2.6.23, the Linux-specific /proc/PID/coredump_filter file can be used to control which memory segments are written to the core
       dump file in the event that a core dump is performed for the process with the corresponding process ID.

       The value in the file is a bit mask of memory mapping types (see mmap(2)).  If a bit is set in the mask, then memory mappings of the corre-
       sponding type are dumped; otherwise they are not dumped.  The bits in this file have the following meanings:

	   bit 0  Dump anonymous private mappings.
	   bit 1  Dump anonymous shared mappings.
	   bit 2  Dump file-backed private mappings.
	   bit 3  Dump file-backed shared mappings.
	   bit 4 (since Linux 2.6.24)
		  Dump ELF headers.
	   bit 5 (since Linux 2.6.28)
		  Dump private huge pages.
	   bit 6 (since Linux 2.6.28)
		  Dump shared huge pages.

       By  default,  the following bits are set: 0, 1, 4 (if the CONFIG_CORE_DUMP_DEFAULT_ELF_HEADERS kernel configuration option is enabled), and
       5.  The value of this file is displayed in hexadecimal.	(The default value is thus displayed as 33.)

       Memory-mapped I/O pages such as frame buffer are never dumped, and virtual DSO pages are always dumped, regardless of  the  coredump_filter
       value.

       A  child  process  created  via	fork(2)  inherits  its	parent's  coredump_filter  value; the coredump_filter value is preserved across an
       execve(2).

       It can be useful to set coredump_filter in the parent shell before running a program, for example:

	   $ echo 0x7 > /proc/self/coredump_filter
	   $ ./some_program

       This file is only provided if the kernel was built with the CONFIG_ELF_CORE configuration option.

NOTES

       The gdb(1) gcore command can be used to obtain a core dump of a running process.

       If a multithreaded process (or, more precisely, a process that shares its memory with another process by being created  with  the  CLONE_VM
       flag of clone(2)) dumps core, then the process ID is always appended to the core filename, unless the process ID was already included else-
       where in the filename via a %p specification in /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern.  (This is primarily useful when employing  the  LinuxThreads
       implementation, where each thread of a process has a different PID.)

EXAMPLE

       The  program  below  can  be used to demonstrate the use of the pipe syntax in the /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern file.  The following shell
       session demonstrates the use of this program (compiled to create an executable named core_pattern_pipe_test):

	   $ cc -o core_pattern_pipe_test core_pattern_pipe_test.c
	   $ su
	   Password:
	   # echo '|$PWD/core_pattern_pipe_test %p UID=%u GID=%g sig=%s' > 
	       /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern
	   # exit
	   $ sleep 100
	   ^			  # type control-backslash
	   Quit (core dumped)
	   $ cat core.info
	   argc=5
	   argc[0]=</home/mtk/core_pattern_pipe_test>
	   argc[1]=<20575>
	   argc[2]=<UID=1000>
	   argc[3]=<GID=100>
	   argc[4]=<sig=3>
	   Total bytes in core dump: 282624

   Program source

       /* core_pattern_pipe_test.c */

       #define _GNU_SOURCE
       #include <sys/stat.h>
       #include <fcntl.h>
       #include <limits.h>
       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <stdlib.h>
       #include <unistd.h>

       #define BUF_SIZE 1024

       int
       main(int argc, char *argv[])
       {
	   int tot, j;
	   ssize_t nread;
	   char buf[BUF_SIZE];
	   FILE *fp;
	   char cwd[PATH_MAX];

	   /* Change our current working directory to that of the
	      crashing process */

	   snprintf(cwd, PATH_MAX, "/proc/%s/cwd", argv[1]);
	   chdir(cwd);

	   /* Write output to file "core.info" in that directory */

	   fp = fopen("core.info", "w+");
	   if (fp == NULL)
	       exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

	   /* Display command-line arguments given to core_pattern
	      pipe program */

	   fprintf(fp, "argc=%d
", argc);
	   for (j = 0; j < argc; j++)
	       fprintf(fp, "argc[%d]=<%s>
", j, argv[j]);

	   /* Count bytes in standard input (the core dump) */

	   tot = 0;
	   while ((nread = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, BUF_SIZE)) > 0)
	       tot += nread;
	   fprintf(fp, "Total bytes in core dump: %d
", tot);

	   exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
       }

SEE ALSO

       bash(1), gdb(1), getrlimit(2), mmap(2), prctl(2), sigaction(2), elf(5), proc(5), pthreads(7), signal(7)

COLOPHON

       This page is part of release 3.25 of the Linux man-pages project.  A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs,  can
       be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Linux								    2010-02-27								   CORE(5)