|
|
Sponsored Content
Operating Systems
OS X (Apple)
Question about cat and echo
Post 302360352 by glev2005 on Thursday 8th of October 2009 04:33:27 PM
10-08-2009
|
|
10 More Discussions You Might Find Interesting
1. Shell Programming and Scripting
Does anyone know what the microprograms behind cat (and other commands) are like? In what language are those programs designed? Is their source available somewhere?
No particular reason, just wondering.
I know it's a bit strange... (3 Replies)
Discussion started by: sanchopansa
3 Replies
2. Shell Programming and Scripting
hi all
i have some script
echo $$ > process-id
d='cat process-id'
if test-s "TMP"$d then
echo "serv1"
else
echo "serv2"
fi
the variable d should contain the number of the process,
instead of that it contains 'cat process-id'
how shall i do that the d will contain only the number?... (6 Replies)
Discussion started by: naamas03
6 Replies
3. Shell Programming and Scripting
Hello Friends,
I have a question, i am trying to write a shell script in the bash shell.
#!/bin/sh
NAWK=/bin/nawk
AWK=/bin/awk
FIX_XML_PATH=/home/administrator/testfix/fix/
Y=`ls $FIX_XML_PATH | grep xml`
echo $Y
cat $Y
in this case when i do the echo $Y command it gives me the... (11 Replies)
Discussion started by: asirohi
11 Replies
4. Shell Programming and Scripting
echo `echo ` doesn't echoes anything. And it's logic. But
echo `echo `echo ` ` does echoes "echo". What's the logic of it? the `echo `echo ` inside of the whole (first) echo, echoes nothing, so the first echo have to echo nothing but echoes "echo"
(too much echoing :P):o (2 Replies)
Discussion started by: hakermania
2 Replies
5. Shell Programming and Scripting
I am having problems getting a list of filenames that I want from a directory.
example: I have 3 files - filename.xxx.20110505.123030
filename.yyy.20110505.123030
filename.zzz.20110505.123030
There may be multiple xxx,... (3 Replies)
Discussion started by: Drenhead
3 Replies
6. Shell Programming and Scripting
Can any one guide me how can i accomplish this by script
i continuously receive files via our ftp server into a certain folder is there a way i can take those files cat it to a new file by hour and create a new file when new hour starts? (4 Replies)
Discussion started by: shehzad_m
4 Replies
7. UNIX for Dummies Questions & Answers
Can we concatenate say,
I have a few files prefixing with 2009...
So now i want all the 2009 files into one single file..
Can this be achieved???? (4 Replies)
Discussion started by: saggiboy10
4 Replies
8. Shell Programming and Scripting
hello! why this works?
cd /home/user
cat * | ecasound -i stdin -o jack
and this doesn't?
cd /home/user/somedirectory
cat * | ecasound -i stdin -o jack
somedirectory are full with exe files which are the best source for this sort of noise thing (10 Replies)
Discussion started by: karlhungus
10 Replies
9. Shell Programming and Scripting
Apologies, probably a really simple problem:
I've got a text file (nh.txt) with this in it:
user1 email1 email2
user2 email1 email2
etc
With the following basic script:
for tline in $(cat nh.txt)
do
echo "**********"
echo $tline
done
... (3 Replies)
Discussion started by: nelmo
3 Replies
10. Shell Programming and Scripting
Hi,
I need to send an email in the below format:
Hi All,
body description on 12-Dec-2014
<a html table, which is there in Result.txt file>
I am using the below command
{
echo "Hi All,"
echo "body description on $var_date "
} | ( cat Result.txt ) | /usr/sbin/sendmail -oi -t
... (1 Reply)
Discussion started by: Prasannag87
1 Replies
LEARN ABOUT DEBIAN
brltty
BRLTTY(1) The BRLTTY Project BRLTTY(1) NAME
brltty - refreshable braille display driver for Linux/Unix SYNOPSIS
brltty [option ...] DESCRIPTION
brltty is a background process (daemon) which provides access to the console screen (when in text mode) for a blind person using a refresh- able braille display. It drives the braille display, and provides complete screen review functionality. Some speech capability has also been incorporated. OPTIONS
Options can be passed to brltty in a number of ways. From most to least influential, these are: 1. Command Line Options 2. Boot Parameters 3. Environment Variables (if the -E (--environment-variables) option is in effect) 4. The Configuration File 5. Built-in Defaults Command Line Options The options are processed sequentially from left to right. If an option is specified more than once, or in case of a conflict, the right- most specification takes precedence. The following options are supported: -a table (--attributes-table=) The path to the attributes table. Relative paths are anchored at /etc/brltty. The .atb extension is optional. The built-in default is attributes.atb. -b driver,...|auto (--braille-driver=) The driver for the braille display (see Driver Specification). The built-in default is auto. -c table (--contraction-table=) The path to the contraction table. Relative paths are anchored at /etc/brltty. The .ctb extension is optional. -d device,... (--braille-device=) The device to which the braille display is connected. The built-in default is usb:. The general form of a braille device specification is qualifier:data. For backward compatibility with earlier releases, if the qualifier is omitted then serial: is assumed. The following device types are supported: Bluetooth For a bluetooth device, specify bluez:address. The address must be six two-digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons, e.g. 01:23:45:67:89:AB. Serial For a serial device, specify serial:/path/to/device. The serial: qualifier is optional (for backward compatibility). If a relative path is given then it's anchored at /dev/ (the usual location where devices are defined on a Unix-like system). The following device specifications all refer to the primary serial device: serial:/dev/ttyS0, serial:ttyS0, /dev/ttyS0, ttyS0. USB For a USB device, specify usb:. brltty will search for the first USB device which matches the braille display driver being used. If this is inadequate, e.g. if you have more than one USB braille display which requires the same driver, then you can refine the device specification by appending the serial number of the display to it, e.g. usb:12345. N.B.: The "identifica- tion by serial number" feature doesn't work for some models because some manufacturers either don't set the USB serial number descriptor at all or do set it but not to a unique value. A comma-delimited list of braille devices may be specified. If this is done then autodetection is performed on each listed device in sequence. This feature is particularly useful if you have a braille display with more than one interrface, e.g. both a serial and a USB port. -e (--standard-error) Write logs to standard error rather than to the system log (useful for debugging). -f file (--configuration-file=) The path to the configuration file. Relative paths are anchored at the current working directory. The built-in default is /etc/brltty.conf. -h (--help) Print a command line usage summary and then exit. -i name (--speech-input=) The file system object (FIFO, named pipe, named socket, etc) which gives other applications access to brltty's speech driver for text-to-speech conversion. It's created at start-up and removed at termination. Relative paths are anchored at the current working directory. The built-in default is that the file system object is not created. -l level (--log-level=) The minimum severity level for messages written to the log. Any of the following numbers, or any abbreviation of their correspond- ing names, may be specified: 0 emergency 1 alert 2 critical 3 error 4 warning 5 notice 6 information 7 debug The built-in default is notice. -m device (--midi-device=) The device to use for the Musical Instrument Digital Interface. For ALSA it's client:port, where each may be either a number or a case-sensitive substring of its name. For other interfaces it's the full path to an appropriate system device. The built-in default is: Linux/ALSA the first available MIDI output port Linux/OSS /dev/sequencer -n (--no-daemon) Remain in the foreground (useful for debugging). -p device (--pcm-device=) The device to use for digital audio. For ALSA it's name[:argument,...]. For other interfaces it's the full path to an appropriate system device. The built-in default is: FreeBSD /dev/dsp Linux/ALSA hw:0,0 Linux/OSS /dev/dsp NetBSD /dev/audio OpenBSD /dev/audio Qnx the preferred PCM output device Solaris /dev/audio -q (--quiet) Suppress the start-up messages. This is done by reducing the default log level (see the -l (--log-level=) option) to warning (information if either -v (--verify) or -V (--version) is also specified). -r (--release-device) Release the device to which the braille display is connected when the current screen or window can't be read. -s driver,...|auto (--speech-driver=) The driver for the speech synthesizer (see Driver Specification). The built-in default is auto. -t table (--text-table=) The path to the text table. Relative paths are anchored at /etc/brltty. The .ttb extension is optional. The built-in default is nabcc.ttb (the North American Braille Computer Code). -v (--verify) Print the start-up messages and then exit. This always includes the versions of brltty itself, the server side of its application programming interface, and each of the selected braille and speech drivers. If the -q (--quiet) option isn't also specified then it also includes the values of the options after all sources have been considered. If more than one braille driver and/or more than one braille device has been specified then braille display autodetection is performed. If more than one speech driver has been specified then speech synthesizer autodetection is performed. -x driver (--screen-driver=) The screen driver. The built-in default is operating system appropriate. -A name=value,... (--api-parameters=) Parameters for the application programming interface. If the same parameter is specified more than once then the rightmost specifi- cation is used. Parameter names may be abbreviated. -B [driver:]name=value,... (--braille-parameters=) Parameters for the braille display driver. If the same parameter is specified more than once then the rightmost specification is used. Parameter names may be abbreviated. If a parameter assignment is qualified with a driver identification code then it's only processed if that braille display driver is being used. -E (--environment-variables) Recognize environment variables. -F file (--preferences-file=) The path to the preferences file. Relative paths are anchored at /var/lib/brltty. The built-in default is brltty.prefs. -I (--install-service) (Windows only) Install brltty as the BrlAPI service so that it will be automatically started when the system is booted and so that applications can know that a BrlAPI server is running. -L file (--log-file=) The file to which log messages are written. Relative paths are anchored at the current working directory. The default is to send log messages to the system log. -M csecs (--message-delay=) The message hold time in hundredths of a second. The built-in default is 400 (4 seconds). -N (--no-api) Don't start the application programming interface. -P file (--pid-file=) The full path to the process identifier file. If this option is supplied, brltty writes its process identifier (pid) into the spec- ified file at start-up. The file is removed when brltty terminates. -R (--remove-service) (Windows only) Remove the BrlAPI service so that brltty will not be automatically started when the system is booted and so that applications can know that no BrlAPI server is running. -S [driver:]name=value,... (--speech-parameters=) Parameters for the speech synthesizer driver. If the same parameter is specified more than once then the rightmost specification is used. Parameter names may be abbreviated. If a parameter assignment is qualified with a driver identification code then it's only processed if that speech synthesizer driver is being used. -U csecs (--update-interval=) The braille window update interval in hundredths of a second. The built-in default is 4 (25 times per second). -V (--version) Print the versions of brltty itself, the server side of its application programming interface, and those drivers which were config- ured in at build-time, and then exit. If the -q (--quiet) option isn't also specified then also print copyright information. -X name=value,... (--screen-parameters=) Parameters for the screen driver. If the same parameter is specified more than once then the rightmost specification is used. Parameter names may be abbreviated. Environment Variables The following environment variables are recognized if the -E (--environment-variables) option is specified: BRLTTY_API_PARAMETERS=name=value,... Parameters for the application programming interface. See the -A (--api-parameters=) option for details. BRLTTY_ATTRIBUTES_TABLE=table The attributes table. See the -a (--attributes-table=) option for details. BRLTTY_BRAILLE_DEVICE=device,... The device to which the braille display is connected. See the -d (--braille-device=) option for details. BRLTTY_BRAILLE_DRIVER=driver,...|auto The driver for the braille display. See the -b (--braille-driver=) option for details. BRLTTY_BRAILLE_PARAMETERS=[driver:]name=value,... Parameters for the braille display driver. See the -B (--braille-parameters=) option for details. BRLTTY_CONFIGURATION_FILE=file The configuration file. See the -f (--configuration-file=) option for details. BRLTTY_CONTRACTION_TABLE=table The contraction table. See the -c (--contraction-table=) option for details. BRLTTY_MIDI_DEVICE=device The device to use for the Musical Instrument Digital Interface. See the -m (--midi-device=) option for details. BRLTTY_PCM_DEVICE=device The device to use for digital audio. See the -p (--pcm-device=) option for details. BRLTTY_PREFERENCES_FILE=file The preferences file. See the -F (--preferences-file=) option for details. BRLTTY_RELEASE_DEVICE=on|off Release the device to which the braille display is connected when the current screen or window can't be read. See the -r (--release-device) option for details. BRLTTY_SCREEN_DRIVER=driver The screen driver. See the -x (--screen-driver=) option for details. BRLTTY_SCREEN_PARAMETERS=name=value,... Parameters for the screen driver. See the -X (--screen-parameters=) option for details. BRLTTY_SPEECH_DRIVER=driver,...|auto The driver for the speech synthesizer. See the -s (--speech-driver=) option for details. BRLTTY_SPEECH_INPUT=name The file system object which gives other applications access to brltty's speech driver for text-to-speech conversion. See the -i (--speech-input=) option for details. BRLTTY_SPEECH_PARAMETERS=[driver:]name=value,... Parameters for the speech synthesizer driver. See the -S (--speech-parameters=) option for details. BRLTTY_TEXT_TABLE=table The text table. See the -t (--text-table=) option for details. The Configuration File Blank lines are ignored. If the character # occurs on any line then all characters from it to the end of that line are treated as a com- ment. The following configuration directives are supported: api-parameters name=value,... Parameters for the application programming interface. See the -A (--api-parameters=) option for details. attributes-table table The attributes table. See the -a (--attributes-table=) option for details. braille-device device,... The device to which the braille display is connected. See the -d (--braille-device=) option for details. braille-driver driver,...|auto The driver for the braille display. See the -b (--braille-driver=) option for details. braille-parameters [driver:]name=value,... Parameters for the braille display driver. See the -B (--braille-parameters=) option for details. contraction-table table The contraction table. See the -c (--contraction-table=) option for details. midi-device device The device to use for the Musical Instrument Digital Interface. See the -m (--midi-device=) option for details. pcm-device device The device to use for digital audio. See the -p (--pcm-device=) option for details. The preferences file. See the -F (--preferences-file=) option for details. release-device on|off Release the device to which the braille display is connected when the current screen or window can't be read. See the -r (--release-device) option for details. screen-driver driver The screen driver. See the -x (--screen-driver=) option for details. screen-parameters name=value,... Parameters for the screen driver. See the -X (--screen-parameters=) option for details. speech-driver driver,...|auto The driver for the speech synthesizer. See the -s (--speech-driver=) option for details. speech-input 0me The file system object which gives other applications access to brltty's speech driver for text-to-speech conversion. See the -i (--speech-input=) option for details. speech-parameters [driver:]name=value,... Parameters for the speech synthesizer driver. See the -S (--speech-parameters=) option for details. text-table table The text table. See the -t (--text-table=) option for details. Driver Specification A braille display or speech synthesizer driver must be specified via its identification code: al Alva at Albatross ba BrlAPI bc BrailComm bd Braudi bl BrailleLite bm Baum bn BrailleNote cb CombiBraille ec EcoBraille es eSpeak eu EuroBraille fl FestivalLite fs FreedomScientific fv Festival gs GenericSay hm HIMS ht HandyTech hw HumanWare il IrisLinux ir Iris lb Libbraille lt LogText mb MultiBraille md MDV mn MiniBraille mp Mikropuhe mt Metec no no driver np NinePoint pg Pegasus pm Papenmeier sd SpeechDispatcher sk Seika sw Swift th Theta tn TechniBraille Systems Inc. ts Telesensory Systems Inc. tt TTY vd VideoBraille vo Voyager, Part232 (serial adapter), BraillePen/EasyLink vr Virtual vs VisioBraille vv ViaVoice xs ExternalSpeech xw XWindow A comma-delimited list of drivers may be specified. If this is done then autodetection is performed using each listed driver in sequence. You may need to experiment in order to determine the most reliable order since some drivers autodetect better than oth- ers. If the single word auto is specified then autodetection is performed using only those drivers which are known to be reliable for this purpose. SEE ALSO
For full documentation, see brltty's on-line manual at [http://mielke.cc/brltty/doc/Manual-HTML/Manual.html]. brltty 4.4 Jun 2012 BRLTTY(1)