INNBIND(8)						    InterNetNews Documentation							INNBIND(8)

NAME

       innbind - Helper program to bind sockets to privileged ports

SYNOPSIS

       innbind [-p] fd,family,address,port [...]

DESCRIPTION

       innbind is a helper program that's not meant to be run directly.  Instead, innd and nnrpd use it internally to bind to ports that require
       root privileges to bind to.

       This program must be installed setuid root in order for innd or nnrpd to bind to ports under 1024.  The only functions that it's willing to
       perform are to bind an open file descriptor to a given address and port or to create a new socket, bind it, and return the bound socket to
       its caller.  It can only be run as the news user (as specified at configure time), and will only bind to ports 119, 433, 563, an additional
       port specified with the --with-innd-port argument to configure, or ports numbered 1024 or higher.

       Each argument to innbind must be a comma-separated list of four elements.  The first is the file descriptor number that should be bound,
       the second is the numeric family of the socket (AF_INET or AF_INET6), the third is the local address to bind to (in dotted-quad format for
       IPv4 and in colon-separated address format for IPv6), and the fourth is the port number.  To bind to all addresses with IPv4, use 0.0.0.0
       as the address.	To bind to all addresses with IPv6, use "::" as the address.

       Multiple arguments can be specified to tell innbind to bind multiple sockets at the same time.  Any errors (other than permission denied
       -- see below) encountered will cause innbind to abort, and error messages will be sent both to syslog and to standard error.

       By default, innbind attempts to just bind the already open file descriptor that it inherits from its caller.  For each successfully bound
       file descriptor (in the order given on the command line), innbind prints "ok" and a newline to its standard output.

       On some systems (apparently just STREAMS-based systems), however, even a setuid root program cannot bind a socket to a privileged port that
       was created by a process that didn't have permissions.  If innbind gets permission denied when trying to bind a socket, it will print "no"
       and a newline to its standard output.  It will then create a new socket, bind it as specified, and then attempt to pass that socket back to
       its caller using the I_SENDFD STREAMS ioctl.  The caller should receive that file descriptor with I_RECVFD and use it instead of the one
       that it created.

       Note that file descriptor passing is only supported on STREAMS-based systems since it is done with ioctls over a pipe.  However, it is
       believed that those systems are exactly the systems that can't simply bind the inherited file descriptor.  If this assumption proves to be
       incorrect, traditional BSD file descriptor passing over a Unix domain socket will have to be added.

OPTIONS

       -p  If given as the first command-line argument, no attempt will be made to bind the inherited file descriptor and innbind will only try
	   creation of a new file descriptor and passing it back via standard output.  This option is primarily useful for testing.

SECURITY

       As innbind is normally installed setuid root, security is even more of an issue for it than for other parts of INN.  It is a fairly short
       program, and if you understand C, you are encouraged to audit it yourself to be certain that it does only what it is supposed to do.  The
       only INN library functions it uses are the vector functions, the message functions for error reporting, and xstrdup.

       The ports that will be bound are restricted to prevent potential attacks made possible by the ability to bind low-numbered ports, such as
       exploits of the rsh(1) family of commands on some systems.  If innbind is installed setuid root, it can only be executed by the news user
       to prevent other users on the system from being able to bind to even those few privileged ports that it allows.

       innbind uses no external configuration files; the only files it might open are through the system getpwnam(3) service to get the UID of the
       news user.  The only user input that it accepts are its command-line arguments.

DIAGNOSTICS

       innbind may log the following messages to syslog and print them to standard error.

       cannot create socket for %s: %s
	   (Fatal) innbind fell back on attempting to create a new socket to bind for the given argument, and the socket creation failed.

       cannot bind socket for %s: %s
	   (Fatal) Calling bind for the socket corresponding to the given argument failed with a system error.	If the error indicates permission
	   denied, make sure that innbind is setuid root.  This can also be caused by trying to use IPv6 on a system whose kernel does not support
	   it.

       cannot bind to restricted port %hu in %s
	   (Fatal) The port number portion of the given command-line argument is for a port below 1024 which is not 119, 433, 563, or a port given
	   to --with-innd-port at configure time.  Other ports are not allowed for security reasons.

       cannot get socket options for file descriptor %d: %s
	   (Fatal) innbind was unable to get the socket options for that file descriptor.  The most likely cause of this error is passing the
	   wrong file descriptor number to innbind (a file descriptor that isn't open, or that corresponds to a regular file rather than a network
	   socket).

       cannot get UID for %s
	   (Fatal) innbind was unable to get the UID for the news user specified during configure (and defaulting to "news").  This normally means
	   that user isn't in the system passwd file.

       cannot mark socket reusable for %s: %s
	   (Fatal) innbind created a new socket for the given argument but was unable to mark its bind address reusable (the SO_REUSEADDR socket
	   option).

       cannot pass file descriptor: %s
	   (Fatal) innbind created and bound a new file descriptor but was unable to pass it back to its caller via its standard output, using the
	   I_SENDFD STREAMS ioctl.

       invalid file descriptor %d: not SOCK_STREAM
	   (Fatal) The given file descriptor is not a SOCK_STREAM socket.  innbind can only bind SOCK_STREAM sockets.

       invalid IPv4 address %s in %s
	   (Fatal) The IPv4 address specified in the given command-line option could not be parsed by inet_aton(3).  IPv4 addresses should be
	   specified in the standard dotted-quad format (10.2.3.4).

       invalid IPv6 address %s in %s
	   (Fatal) The IPv6 address specified in the given command-line option could not be parsed by inet_pton(3).  IPv6 addresses should be
	   specified in RFC 4291 format (1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A or 1080::8:800:200C:417A).

       invalid command-line argument %s
	   (Fatal) The specified command-line argument could not be parsed or was not in the correct format.

       invalid file descriptor %s in %s
	   (Fatal) The file descriptor portion of the given command-line argument is not a non-negative integer.

       invalid port number %s in %s
	   (Fatal) The port number portion of the given command-line argument is not a non-negative integer.

       invalid protocol family %s in %s
	   (Fatal) The protocol family portion of the given command-line argument is not a non-negative integer.  It should be equal to either
	   AF_INET or AF_INET6 on the system where innbind is run.

       must be run by user %s (%lu), not %lu
	   (Fatal) When setuid root, innbind may only be run by the news user as specified at configure time ("news" by default), for security
	   reasons.

       no addresses specified
	   (Fatal) No arguments were given on the command line (except maybe -p).

       port may not be zero in %s
	   (Fatal) The port number portion of the given command-line argument was zero.

       unknown protocol family %s in %s
	   (Fatal) The protocol number portion of the given command-line argument is neither AF_INET nor AF_INET6.

EXAMPLES

       As mentioned above, innbind is never run directly, only by innd and other programs that need to bind to and listen to network ports.
       Sample invocations by innd would be:

	   innbind 3,10,::,119

       to bind the IPv6 socket on file descriptor 3 to port 119, all addresses, or:

	   innbind 6,2,10.0.0.3,433

       to bind the IPv4 socket on file descriptor 6 to port 433 in the address 10.0.0.3.

HISTORY

       Written by Russ Allbery <rra@stanford.edu> for InterNetNews.

       $Id: innbind.pod 8894 2010-01-17 13:04:04Z iulius $

SEE ALSO

       inet_aton(3), inet_pton(3), innd(8), nnrpd(8).

INN 2.5.3							    2010-02-08								INNBIND(8)