Lexical::SealRequireHints(3)				User Contributed Perl Documentation			      Lexical::SealRequireHints(3)

NAME

       Lexical::SealRequireHints - prevent leakage of lexical hints

SYNOPSIS

	       use Lexical::SealRequireHints;

DESCRIPTION

       This module works around two historical bugs in Perl's handling of the "%^H" (lexical hints) variable.  One bug causes lexical state in one
       file to leak into another that is "require"d/"use"d from it.  This bug, [perl #68590], was present from Perl 5.6 up to Perl 5.10, fixed in
       Perl 5.11.0.  The second bug causes lexical state (normally a blank "%^H" once the first bug is fixed) to leak outwards from "utf8.pm", if
       it is automatically loaded during Unicode regular expression matching, into whatever source is compiling at the time of the regexp match.
       This bug, [perl #73174], was present from Perl 5.8.7 up to Perl 5.11.5, fixed in Perl 5.12.0.

       Both of these bugs seriously damage the usability of any module relying on "%^H" for lexical scoping, on the affected Perl versions.  It is
       in practice essential to work around these bugs when using such modules.  On versions of Perl that require such a workaround, this module
       globally changes the behaviour of "require", including "use" and the implicit "require" performed in Unicode regular expression matching,
       so that it no longer exhibits these bugs.

       The workaround supplied by this module takes effect the first time its "import" method is called.  Typically this will be done by means of
       a "use" statement.  This should be done as early as possible, because it only affects "require"/"use" statements that are compiled after
       the workaround goes into effect.  For "use" statements, and "require" statements that are executed immediately and only once, it suffices
       to invoke the workaround when loading the first module that will set up vulnerable lexical state.  Delayed-action "require" statements,
       however, are more troublesome, and can require the workaround to be loaded much earlier.  Ultimately, an affected Perl program may need to
       load the workaround as very nearly its first action.  Invoking this module multiple times, from multiple modules, is not a problem: the
       workaround is only applied once, and applies to everything subsequently compiled.

       This module is implemented in XS, with a pure Perl backup version for systems that can't handle XS modules.  The XS version has a better
       chance of playing nicely with other modules that modify "require" handling.  The pure Perl version can't work at all on some Perl versions;
       users of those versions must use the XS.

PERL VERION DIFFERENCES

       The history of the "%^H" bugs is complex.  Here is a chronological statement of the relevant changes.

       Perl 5.6.0
	   "%^H" introduced.  It exists only as a hash at compile time.  It is not localised by "require", so lexical hints leak into every module
	   loaded, which is bug [perl #68590].

	   The "CORE::GLOBAL" mechanism doesn't work cleanly for "require", because overriding "require" loses the necessary special parsing of
	   bareword arguments to it.  As a result, pure Perl code can't properly globally affect the behaviour of "require".  Pure Perl code can
	   localise "%^H" itself for any particular "require" invocation, but a global fix is only possible through XS.

       Perl 5.7.2
	   The "CORE::GLOBAL" mechanism now works cleanly for "require", so pure Perl code can globally affect the behaviour of "require" to
	   achieve a global fix for the bug.

       Perl 5.8.7
	   When "utf8.pm" is automatically loaded during Unicode regular expression matching, "%^H" now leaks outward from it into whatever source
	   is compiling at the time of the regexp match, which is bug [perl #73174].  It often goes unnoticed, because [perl #68590] makes "%^H"
	   leak into "utf8.pm" which then doesn't modify it, so what leaks out tends to be identical to what leaked in.  If [perl #68590] is
	   worked around, however, "%^H" tends to be (correctly) blank inside "utf8.pm", and this bug therefore blanks it for the outer module.

       Perl 5.9.4
	   "%^H" now exists in two forms.  In addition to the relatively ordinary hash that is modified during compilation, the value that it had
	   at each point in compilation is recorded in the compiled op tree, for later examination at runtime.	It is in a special representation-
	   sharing format, and writes to "%^H" are meant to be performed on both forms.  "require" does not localise the runtime form of "%^H"
	   (and still doesn't localise the compile-time form).

	   A couple of special "%^H" entries are erroneously written only to the runtime form.

	   Pure Perl code, although it can localise the compile-time "%^H" by normal means, can't adequately localise the runtime "%^H", except by
	   using a string eval stack frame.  This makes a satisfactory global fix for the leakage bug impossible in pure Perl.

       Perl 5.10.1
	   "require" now properly localises the runtime form of "%^H", but still not the compile-time form.

	   A global fix is once again possible in pure Perl, because the fix only needs to localise the compile-time form.

       Perl 5.11.0
	   "require" now properly localises both forms of "%^H", fixing [perl #68590].	This makes [perl #73174] apparent without any workaround
	   for [perl #68590].

	   The special "%^H" entries are now correctly written to both forms of the hash.

       Perl 5.12.0
	   The automatic loading of "utf8.pm" during Unicode regular expression matching now properly restores "%^H", fixing [perl #73174].

BUGS

       The operation of this module depends on influencing the compilation of "require".  As a result, it cannot prevent lexical state leakage
       through a "require" statement that was compiled before this module was invoked.	Where problems occur, this module must be invoked earlier.

SEE ALSO

       perlpragma

AUTHOR

       Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram@fysh.org>

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright (C) 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Andrew Main (Zefram) <zefram@fysh.org>

LICENSE

       This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

perl v5.18.2							    2017-10-06					      Lexical::SealRequireHints(3)