sudoers(5)						       MAINTENANCE COMMANDS							sudoers(5)

NAME

       sudoers - list of which users may execute what

DESCRIPTION

       The sudoers file is composed of two types of entries: aliases (basically variables) and user specifications (which specify who may run
       what).  The grammar of sudoers will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF).  Don't despair if you don't know what EBNF is;
       it is fairly simple, and the definitions below are annotated.

       Quick guide to EBNF

       EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language.  Each EBNF definition is made up of production rules.  E.g.,

	symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...

       Each production rule references others and thus makes up a grammar for the language.  EBNF also contains the following operators, which
       many readers will recognize from regular expressions.  Do not, however, confuse them with "wildcard" characters, which have different mean-
       ings.

       ?       Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional.  That is, it may appear once or not at all.

       *       Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear zero or more times.

       +       Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear one or more times.

       Parentheses may be used to group symbols together.  For clarity, we will use single quotes ('') to designate what is a verbatim character
       string (as opposed to a symbol name).

       Aliases

       There are four kinds of aliases: User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias and Cmnd_Alias.

	Alias ::= 'User_Alias'	User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
		  'Runas_Alias' Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
		  'Host_Alias'	Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
		  'Cmnd_Alias'	Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*

	User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List

	Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_List

	Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List

	Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME '=' Cmnd_List

	NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)*

       Each alias definition is of the form

	Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...

       where Alias_Type is one of User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias, or Cmnd_Alias.  A NAME is a string of uppercase letters, numbers, and the
       underscore characters ('_').  A NAME must start with an uppercase letter.  It is possible to put several alias definitions of the same type
       on a single line, joined by a colon (':').  E.g.,

	Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5

       The definitions of what constitutes a valid alias member follow.

	User_List ::= User |
		      User ',' User_List

	User ::= '!'* username |
		 '!'* '%'group |
		 '!'* '+'netgroup |
		 '!'* User_Alias

       A User_List is made up of one or more usernames, uids (prefixed with '#'), System groups (prefixed with '%'), netgroups (prefixed with '+')
       and other aliases.  Each list item may be prefixed with one or more '!' operators.  An odd number of '!' operators negate the value of the
       item; an even number just cancel each other out.

	Runas_List ::= Runas_User |
		       Runas_User ',' Runas_List

	Runas_User ::= '!'* username |
		       '!'* '#'uid |
		       '!'* '%'group |
		       '!'* +netgroup |
		       '!'* Runas_Alias

       A Runas_List is similar to a User_List except that it can also contain uids (prefixed with '#') and instead of User_Aliases it can contain
       Runas_Aliases.

	Host_List ::= Host |
		      Host ',' Host_List

	Host ::= '!'* hostname |
		 '!'* ip_addr |
		 '!'* network(/netmask)? |
		 '!'* '+'netgroup |
		 '!'* Host_Alias

       A Host_List is made up of one or more hostnames, IP addresses, network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other aliases.  Again,
       the value of an item may be negated with the '!' operator.  If you do not specify a netmask with a network number, the netmask of the
       host's ethernet interface(s) will be used when matching.  The netmask may be specified either in dotted quad notation (e.g.  255.255.255.0)
       or CIDR notation (number of bits, e.g. 24).  A hostname may include shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards' section below), but unless the
       hostname command on your machine returns the fully qualified hostname, you'll need to use the fqdn option for wildcards to be useful.

	Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |
		      Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List

	commandname ::= filename |
			filename args |
			filename '""'

	Cmnd ::= '!'* commandname |
		 '!'* directory |
		 '!'* Cmnd_Alias

       A Cmnd_List is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and other aliases.  A commandname is a fully qualified filename which may
       include shell-style wildcards (see `Wildcards' section below).  A simple filename allows the user to run the command with any arguments
       he/she wishes.  However, you may also specify command line arguments (including wildcards).  Alternately, you can specify "" to indicate
       that the command may only be run without command line arguments.  A directory is a fully qualified pathname ending in a '/'.  When you
       specify a directory in a Cmnd_List, the user will be able to run any file within that directory (but not in any subdirectories therein).

       If a Cmnd has associated command line arguments, then the arguments in the Cmnd must match exactly those given by the user on the command
       line (or match the wildcards if there are any).	Note that the following characters must be escaped with a '' if they are used in command
       arguments: ',', ':', '=', ''.

       Defaults

       Certain configuration options may be changed from their default values at runtime via one or more Default_Entry lines.  These may affect
       all users on any host, all users on a specific host, or just a specific user.  When multiple entries match, they are applied in order.
       Where there are conflicting values, the last value on a matching line takes effect.

	Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' ||
			 'Defaults' ':' User ||
			 'Defaults' '@' Host

	Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List

	Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value ||
		      Parameter '+=' Value ||
		      Parameter '-=' Value ||
		      '!'* Parameter ||

       Parameters may be flags, integer values, strings, or lists.  Flags are implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the '!'  operator.
       Some integer, string and list parameters may also be used in a boolean context to disable them.	Values may be enclosed in double quotes
       (") when they contain multiple words.  Special characters may be escaped with a backslash ().

       Lists have two additional assignment operators, += and -=.  These operators are used to add to and delete from a list respectively.  It is
       not an error to use the -= operator to remove an element that does not exist in a list.

       Note that since the sudoers file is parsed in order the best place to put the Defaults section is after the Host, User, and Cmnd aliases
       but before the user specifications.

       Flags:

       long_otp_prompt
		   When validating with a One Time Password scheme (S/Key or OPIE), a two-line prompt is used to make it easier to cut and paste
		   the challenge to a local window.  It's not as pretty as the default but some people find it more convenient.  This flag is off
		   by default.

       ignore_dot  If set, sudo will ignore '.' or '' (current dir) in the PATH environment variable; the PATH itself is not modified.	This flag
		   is on by default.

       mail_always Send mail to the mailto user every time a users runs sudo.  This flag is off by default.

       mail_badpass
		   Send mail to the mailto user if the user running sudo does not enter the correct password.  This flag is off by default.

       mail_no_user
		   If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user is not in the sudoers file.  This flag is on by default.

       mail_no_host
		   If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user exists in the sudoers file, but is not allowed to run com-
		   mands on the current host.  This flag is off by default.

       mail_no_perms
		   If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user allowed to use sudo but the command they are trying is not
		   listed in their sudoers file entry.	This flag is off by default.

       tty_tickets If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis.	Normally, sudo uses a directory in the ticket dir with the same name as
		   the user running it.  With this flag enabled, sudo will use a file named for the tty the user is logged in on in that direc-
		   tory.  This flag is on by default.

       lecture	   If set, a user will receive a short lecture the first time he/she runs sudo.  This flag is on by default.

       authenticate
		   If set, users must authenticate themselves via a password (or other means of authentication) before they may run commands.
		   This default may be overridden via the PASSWD and NOPASSWD tags.  This flag is on by default.

       root_sudo   If set, root is allowed to run sudo too.  Disabling this prevents users from "chaining" sudo commands to get a root shell by
		   doing something like "sudo sudo /bin/sh".  This flag is on by default.

       log_host    If set, the hostname will be logged in the (non-syslog) sudo log file.  This flag is off by default.

       log_year    If set, the four-digit year will be logged in the (non-syslog) sudo log file.  This flag is off by default.

       shell_noargs
		   If set and sudo is invoked with no arguments it acts as if the -s flag had been given.  That is, it runs a shell as root (the
		   shell is determined by the SHELL environment variable if it is set, falling back on the shell listed in the invoking user's
		   /etc/passwd entry if not).  This flag is off by default.

       set_home    If set and sudo is invoked with the -s flag the HOME environment variable will be set to the home directory of the target user
		   (which is root unless the -u option is used).  This effectively makes the -s flag imply -H.	This flag is off by default.

       always_set_home
		   If set, sudo will set the HOME environment variable to the home directory of the target user (which is root unless the -u
		   option is used).  This effectively means that the -H flag is always implied.  This flag is off by default.

       path_info   Normally, sudo will tell the user when a command could not be found in their PATH environment variable.  Some sites may wish to
		   disable this as it could be used to gather information on the location of executables that the normal user does not have access
		   to.	The disadvantage is that if the executable is simply not in the user's PATH, sudo will tell the user that they are not
		   allowed to run it, which can be confusing.  This flag is off by default.

       preserve_groups
		   By default sudo will initialize the group vector to the list of groups the target user is in.  When preserve_groups is set, the
		   user's existing group vector is left unaltered.  The real and effective group IDs, however, are still set to match the target
		   user.  This flag is off by default.

       fqdn	   Set this flag if you want to put fully qualified hostnames in the sudoers file.  I.e.: instead of myhost you would use
		   myhost.mydomain.edu.  You may still use the short form if you wish (and even mix the two).  Beware that turning on fqdn
		   requires sudo to make DNS lookups which may make sudo unusable if DNS stops working (for example if the machine is not plugged
		   into the network).  Also note that you must use the host's official name as DNS knows it.  That is, you may not use a host
		   alias (CNAME entry) due to performance issues and the fact that there is no way to get all aliases from DNS.  If your machine's
		   hostname (as returned by the hostname command) is already fully qualified you shouldn't need to set fqdn.  This flag is off by
		   default.

       insults	   If set, sudo will insult users when they enter an incorrect password.  This flag is off by default.

       requiretty  If set, sudo will only run when the user is logged in to a real tty.  This will disallow things like "rsh somehost sudo ls"
		   since rsh(1) does not allocate a tty.  Because it is not possible to turn of echo when there is no tty present, some sites may
		   with to set this flag to prevent a user from entering a visible password.  This flag is off by default.

       env_editor  If set, visudo will use the value of the EDITOR or VISUAL environment variables before falling back on the default editor list.
		   Note that this may create a security hole as it allows the user to run any arbitrary command as root without logging.  A safer
		   alternative is to place a colon-separated list of editors in the editor variable.  visudo will then only use the EDITOR or VIS-
		   UAL if they match a value specified in editor.  This flag is on by default.

       rootpw	   If set, sudo will prompt for the root password instead of the password of the invoking user.  This flag is off by default.

       runaspw	   If set, sudo will prompt for the password of the user defined by the runas_default option (defaults to root) instead of the
		   password of the invoking user.  This flag is off by default.

       targetpw    If set, sudo will prompt for the password of the user specified by the -u flag (defaults to root) instead of the password of
		   the invoking user.  This flag is off by default.

       set_logname Normally, sudo will set the LOGNAME and USER environment variables to the name of the target user (usually root unless the -u
		   flag is given).  However, since some programs (including the RCS revision control system) use LOGNAME to determine the real
		   identity of the user, it may be desirable to change this behavior.  This can be done by negating the set_logname option.

       stay_setuid Normally, when sudo executes a command the real and effective UIDs are set to the target user (root by default).  This option
		   changes that behavior such that the real UID is left as the invoking user's UID.  In other words, this makes sudo act as a
		   setuid wrapper.  This can be useful on systems that disable some potentially dangerous functionality when a program is run
		   setuid.  Note, however, that this means that sudo will run with the real uid of the invoking user which may allow that user to
		   kill sudo before it can log a failure, depending on how your OS defines the interaction between signals and setuid processes.

       env_reset   If set, sudo will reset the environment to only contain the following variables: HOME, LOGNAME, PATH, SHELL, TERM, and USER (in
		   addition to the SUDO_* variables).  Of these, only TERM is copied unaltered from the old environment.  The other variables are
		   set to default values (possibly modified by the value of the set_logname option).  If sudo was compiled with the SECURE_PATH
		   option, its value will be used for the PATH environment variable.  Other variables may be preserved with the env_keep option.

       use_loginclass
		   If set, sudo will apply the defaults specified for the target user's login class if one exists.  Only available if sudo is con-
		   figured with the --with-logincap option.  This flag is off by default.

       Integers:

       passwd_tries
		   The number of tries a user gets to enter his/her password before sudo logs the failure and exits.  The default is 3.

       Integers that can be used in a boolean context:

       loglinelen  Number of characters per line for the file log.  This value is used to decide when to wrap lines for nicer log files.  This has
		   no effect on the syslog log file, only the file log.  The default is 80 (use 0 or negate the option to disable word wrap).

       timestamp_timeout
		   Number of minutes that can elapse before sudo will ask for a passwd again.  The default is 5.  Set this to 0 to always prompt
		   for a password.  If set to a value less than 0 the user's timestamp will never expire.  This can be used to allow users to cre-
		   ate or delete their own timestamps via sudo -v and sudo -k respectively.

       passwd_timeout
		   Number of minutes before the sudo password prompt times out.  The default is 5, set this to 0 for no password timeout.

       umask	   Umask to use when running the command.  Negate this option or set it to 0777 to preserve the user's umask.  The default is
		   0022.

       Strings:

       mailsub	   Subject of the mail sent to the mailto user. The escape %h will expand to the hostname of the machine.  Default is *** SECURITY
		   information for %h ***.

       badpass_message
		   Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect password.  The default is Sorry, try again. unless insults are enabled.

       timestampdir
		   The directory in which sudo stores its timestamp files.  The default is /var/run/sudo.

       passprompt  The default prompt to use when asking for a password; can be overridden via the -p option or the SUDO_PROMPT environment vari-
		   able. Supports two escapes: "%u" expands to the user's login name and "%h" expands to the local hostname.  The default value is
		   Password:.

       runas_default
		   The default user to run commands as if the -u flag is not specified on the command line.  This defaults to root.

       syslog_goodpri
		   Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully.  Defaults to notice.

       syslog_badpri
		   Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully.  Defaults to alert.

       editor	   A colon (':') separated list of editors allowed to be used with visudo.  visudo will choose the editor that matches the user's
		   USER environment variable if possible, or the first editor in the list that exists and is executable.  The default is the path
		   to vi on your system.

       Strings that can be used in a boolean context:

       logfile	   Path to the sudo log file (not the syslog log file).  Setting a path turns on logging to a file; negating this option turns it
		   off.

       syslog	   Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging (negate to disable syslog logging).  Defaults to authpriv.

       mailerpath  Path to mail program used to send warning mail.  Defaults to the path to sendmail found at configure time.

       mailerflags Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to -t.

       mailto	   Address to send warning and error mail to.  The address should be enclosed in double quotes (") to protect against sudo inter-
		   preting the @ sign.	Defaults to root.

       exempt_group
		   Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH requirements.	This is not set by default.

       verifypw    This option controls when a password will be required when a user runs sudo with the -v flag.  It has the following possible
		   values:

		   all	   All the user's sudoers entries for the current host must have the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid entering a password.

		   any	   At least one of the user's sudoers entries for the current host must have the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid entering a
			   password.

		   never   The user need never enter a password to use the -v flag.

		   always  The user must always enter a password to use the -v flag.

		   The default value is `all'.

       listpw	   This option controls when a password will be required when a user runs sudo with the -l.  It has the following possible values:

		   all	   All the user's sudoers entries for the current host must have the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid entering a password.

		   any	   At least one of the user's sudoers entries for the current host must have the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid entering a
			   password.

		   never   The user need never enter a password to use the -l flag.

		   always  The user must always enter a password to use the -l flag.

		   The default value is `any'.

       Lists that can be used in a boolean context:

       env_check   Environment variables to be removed from the user's environment if the variable's value contains % or / characters.	This can
		   be used to guard against printf-style format vulnerabilties in poorly-written programs.  The argument may be a double-quoted,
		   space-separated list or a single value without double-quotes.  The list can be replaced, added to, deleted from, or disabled by
		   using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators respectively.  The default list of environment variable to check is printed when sudo is
		   run by root with the -V option.

       env_delete  Environment variables to be removed from the user's environment.  The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated list or
		   a single value without double-quotes.  The list can be replaced, added to, deleted from, or disabled by using the =, +=, -=,
		   and ! operators respectively.  The default list of environment variable to remove is printed when sudo is run by root with the
		   -V option.

       env_keep    Environment variables to be preserved in the user's environment when the env_reset option is in effect.  This allows fine-
		   grained control over the environment sudo-spawned processes will receive.  The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated
		   list or a single value without double-quotes.  The list can be replaced, added to, deleted from, or disabled by using the =,
		   +=, -=, and ! operators respectively.  This list has no default members.

       When logging via syslog(3), sudo accepts the following values for the syslog facility (the value of the syslog Parameter): authpriv (if
       your OS supports it), auth, daemon, user, local0, local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local6, and local7.  The following syslog priori-
       ties are supported: alert, crit, debug, emerg, err, info, notice, and warning.

       User Specification

	User_Spec ::= User_list Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List 
		      (':' User_Spec)*

	Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
			   Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List

	Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:')? Cmnd

	Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List ')'

       A user specification determines which commands a user may run (and as what user) on specified hosts.  By default, commands are run as root,
       but this can be changed on a per-command basis.

       Let's break that down into its constituent parts:

       Runas_Spec

       A Runas_Spec is simply a Runas_List (as defined above) enclosed in a set of parentheses.  If you do not specify a Runas_Spec in the user
       specification, a default Runas_Spec of root will be used.  A Runas_Spec sets the default for commands that follow it.  What this means is
       that for the entry:

	dgb    boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/who

       The user dgb may run /bin/ls, /bin/kill, and /usr/bin/lprm -- but only as operator.  E.g.,

	   sudo -u operator /bin/ls.

       It is also possible to override a Runas_Spec later on in an entry.  If we modify the entry like so:

	dgb    boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm

       Then user dgb is now allowed to run /bin/ls as operator, but  /bin/kill and /usr/bin/lprm as root.

       NOPASSWD and PASSWD

       By default, sudo requires that a user authenticate him or herself before running a command.  This behavior can be modified via the NOPASSWD
       tag.  Like a Runas_Spec, the NOPASSWD tag sets a default for the commands that follow it in the Cmnd_Spec_List.	Conversely, the PASSWD tag
       can be used to reverse things.  For example:

	ray    rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm

       would allow the user ray to run /bin/kill, /bin/ls, and /usr/bin/lprm as root on the machine rushmore as root without authenticating him-
       self.  If we only want ray to be able to run /bin/kill without a password the entry would be:

	ray    rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm

       Note, however, that the PASSWD tag has no effect on users who are in the group specified by the exempt_group option.

       By default, if the NOPASSWD tag is applied to any of the entries for a user on the current host, he or she will be able to run sudo -l
       without a password.  Additionally, a user may only run sudo -v without a password if the NOPASSWD tag is present for all a user's entries
       that pertain to the current host.  This behavior may be overridden via the verifypw and listpw options.

       Wildcards (aka meta characters):

       sudo allows shell-style wildcards to be used in pathnames as well as command line arguments in the sudoers file.  Wildcard matching is done
       via the POSIX fnmatch(3) routine.  Note that these are not regular expressions.

       *       Matches any set of zero or more characters.

       ?       Matches any single character.

       [...]   Matches any character in the specified range.

       [!...]  Matches any character not in the specified range.

       x      For any character "x", evaluates to "x".  This is used to escape special characters such as: "*", "?", "[", and "}".

       Note that a forward slash ('/') will not be matched by wildcards used in the pathname.  When matching the command line arguments, however,
       as slash does get matched by wildcards.	This is to make a path like:

	   /usr/bin/*

       match /usr/bin/who but not /usr/bin/X11/xterm.

       Exceptions to wildcard rules:

       The following exceptions apply to the above rules:

       """"    If the empty string "" is the only command line argument in the sudoers entry it means that command is not allowed to be run with
	       any arguments.

       Other special characters and reserved words:

       The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it occurs in the context of a user name and is followed by one or more digits,
       in which case it is treated as a uid).  Both the comment character and any text after it, up to the end of the line, are ignored.

       The reserved word ALL is a built in alias that always causes a match to succeed.  It can be used wherever one might otherwise use a
       Cmnd_Alias, User_Alias, Runas_Alias, or Host_Alias.  You should not try to define your own alias called ALL as the built in alias will be
       used in preference to your own.	Please note that using ALL can be dangerous since in a command context, it allows the user to run any com-
       mand on the system.

       An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical not operator both in an alias and in front of a Cmnd.  This allows one to exclude cer-
       tain values.  Note, however, that using a ! in conjunction with the built in ALL alias to allow a user to run "all but a few" commands
       rarely works as intended (see SECURITY NOTES below).

       Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('') as the last character on the line.

       Whitespace between elements in a list as well as special syntactic characters in a User Specification ('=', ':', '(', ')') is optional.

       The following characters must be escaped with a backslash ('') when used as part of a word (e.g. a username or hostname): '@', '!', '=',
       ':', ',', '(', ')', ''.

EXAMPLES

       Below are example sudoers entries.  Admittedly, some of these are a bit contrived.  First, we define our aliases:

	# User alias specification
	User_Alias     FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy
	User_Alias     PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl
	User_Alias     WEBMASTERS = will, wendy, wim

	# Runas alias specification
	Runas_Alias    OP = root, operator
	Runas_Alias    DB = oracle, sybase

	# Host alias specification
	Host_Alias     SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :
		       SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :
		       ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :
		       HPPA = boa, nag, python
	Host_Alias     CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
	Host_Alias     CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0
	Host_Alias     SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns
	Host_Alias     CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules

	# Cmnd alias specification
	Cmnd_Alias     DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,
			       /usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore
	Cmnd_Alias     KILL = /usr/bin/kill
	Cmnd_Alias     PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm
	Cmnd_Alias     SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown
	Cmnd_Alias     HALT = /usr/sbin/halt, /usr/sbin/fasthalt
	Cmnd_Alias     REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot, /usr/sbin/fastboot
	Cmnd_Alias     SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh, 
				/usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh, 
				/usr/local/bin/zsh
	Cmnd_Alias     SU = /usr/bin/su

       Here we override some of the compiled in default values.  We want sudo to log via syslog(3) using the auth facility in all cases.  We don't
       want to subject the full time staff to the sudo lecture, and user millert need not give a password.  In addition, on the machines in the
       SERVERS Host_Alias, we keep an additional local log file and make sure we log the year in each log line since the log entries will be kept
       around for several years.

	# Override built in defaults
	Defaults	       syslog=auth
	Defaults:FULLTIMERS    !lecture
	Defaults:millert       !authenticate
	Defaults@SERVERS       log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log

       The User specification is the part that actually determines who may run what.

	root	       ALL = (ALL) ALL
	%wheel	       ALL = (ALL) ALL

       We let root and any user in group wheel run any command on any host as any user.

	FULLTIMERS     ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL

       Full time sysadmins (millert, mikef, and dowdy) may run any command on any host without authenticating themselves.

	PARTTIMERS     ALL = ALL

       Part time sysadmins (bostley, jwfox, and crawl) may run any command on any host but they must authenticate themselves first (since the
       entry lacks the NOPASSWD tag).

	jack	       CSNETS = ALL

       The user jack may run any command on the machines in the CSNETS alias (the networks 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0, and 128.138.242.0).  Of
       those networks, only 128.138.204.0 has an explicit netmask (in CIDR notation) indicating it is a class C network.  For the other networks
       in CSNETS, the local machine's netmask will be used during matching.

	lisa	       CUNETS = ALL

       The user lisa may run any command on any host in the CUNETS alias (the class B network 128.138.0.0).

	operator       ALL = DUMPS, KILL, PRINTING, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT,
		       /usr/oper/bin/

       The operator user may run commands limited to simple maintenance.  Here, those are commands related to backups, killing processes, the
       printing system, shutting down the system, and any commands in the directory /usr/oper/bin/.

	joe	       ALL = /usr/bin/su operator

       The user joe may only su(1) to operator.

	pete	       HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root

       The user pete is allowed to change anyone's password except for root on the HPPA machines.  Note that this assumes passwd(1) does not take
       multiple usernames on the command line.

	bob	       SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL

       The user bob may run anything on the SPARC and SGI machines as any user listed in the OP Runas_Alias (root and operator).

	jim	       +biglab = ALL

       The user jim may run any command on machines in the biglab netgroup.  Sudo knows that "biglab" is a netgroup due to the '+' prefix.

	+secretaries   ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser

       Users in the secretaries netgroup need to help manage the printers as well as add and remove users, so they are allowed to run those com-
       mands on all machines.

	fred	       ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL

       The user fred can run commands as any user in the DB Runas_Alias (oracle or sybase) without giving a password.

	john	       ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*

       On the ALPHA machines, user john may su to anyone except root but he is not allowed to give su(1) any flags.

	jen	       ALL, !SERVERS = ALL

       The user jen may run any command on any machine except for those in the SERVERS Host_Alias (master, mail, www and ns).

	jill	       SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS

       For any machine in the SERVERS Host_Alias, jill may run any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those commands belonging to the
       SU and SHELLS Cmnd_Aliases.

	steve	       CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/

       The user steve may run any command in the directory /usr/local/op_commands/ but only as user operator.

	matt	       valkyrie = KILL

       On his personal workstation, valkyrie, matt needs to be able to kill hung processes.

	WEBMASTERS     www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www

       On the host www, any user in the WEBMASTERS User_Alias (will, wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www (which owns the web pages)
       or simply su(1) to www.

	ALL	       CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,
		       /sbin/mount -o nosuid,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM

       Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in the CDROM Host_Alias (orion, perseus, hercules) without entering a password.
       This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candidate for encapsulating in a shell script.

SECURITY NOTES

       It is generally not effective to "subtract" commands from ALL using the '!' operator.  A user can trivially circumvent this by copying the
       desired command to a different name and then executing that.  For example:

	   bill        ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS

       Doesn't really prevent bill from running the commands listed in SU or SHELLS since he can simply copy those commands to a different name,
       or use a shell escape from an editor or other program.  Therefore, these kind of restrictions should be considered advisory at best (and
       reinforced by policy).

CAVEATS

       The sudoers file should always be edited by the visudo command which locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is imperative that
       sudoers be free of syntax errors since sudo will not run with a syntactically incorrect sudoers file.

       When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if you store fully qualified hostnames in the netgroup (as is usually the case),
       you either need to have the machine's hostname be fully qualified as returned by the hostname command or use the fqdn option in sudoers.

FILES

	/etc/sudoers	       List of who can run what
	/etc/group	       Local groups file
	/etc/netgroup	       List of network groups

SEE ALSO

       rsh(1), sudo(8), visudo(8), su(1), fnmatch(3).

3rd Berkeley Distribution					       1.6.6								sudoers(5)