BADSECT(8)						    BSD System Manager's Manual 						BADSECT(8)

NAME

     badsect -- create files to contain bad sectors

SYNOPSIS

     badsect bbdir sector ...

DESCRIPTION

     The badsect utility makes a file to contain a bad sector.	Normally, bad sectors are made inaccessible by the standard formatter, which pro-
     vides a forwarding table for bad sectors to the driver.  If a driver supports the bad blocking standard it is much preferable to use that
     method to isolate bad blocks, since the bad block forwarding makes the pack appear perfect, and such packs can then be copied with dd(1).
     The technique used by this program is also less general than bad block forwarding, as badsect cannot make amends for bad blocks in the i-list
     of file systems or in swap areas.

     On some disks, adding a sector which is suddenly bad to the bad sector table currently requires the running of the standard DEC formatter.
     Thus to deal with a newly bad block or on disks where the drivers do not support the bad-blocking standard badsect may be used to good
     effect.

     The badsect utility is used on a quiet file system in the following way: First mount the file system, and change to its root directory.  Make
     a directory BAD there.  Run badsect giving as argument the BAD directory followed by all the bad sectors you wish to add.	(The sector num-
     bers must be relative to the beginning of the file system, but this is not hard as the system reports relative sector numbers in its console
     error messages.)  Then change back to the root directory, unmount the file system and run fsck(8) on the file system.  The bad sectors should
     show up in two files or in the bad sector files and the free list.  Have fsck(8) remove files containing the offending bad sectors, but do
     not have it remove the BAD/nnnnn files.  This will leave the bad sectors in only the BAD files.

     The badsect utility works by giving the specified sector numbers in a mknod(2) system call, creating an illegal file whose first block
     address is the block containing bad sector and whose name is the bad sector number.  When it is discovered by fsck(8) it will ask ``HOLD BAD
     BLOCK ?''.  A positive response will cause fsck(8) to convert the inode to a regular file containing the bad block.

DIAGNOSTICS

     The badsect utility refuses to attach a block that resides in a critical area or is out of range of the file system.  A warning is issued if
     the block is already in use.

SEE ALSO

     fsck(8)

HISTORY

     The badsect utility appeared in 4.1BSD.

BUGS

     If more than one sector which comprise a file system fragment are bad, you should specify only one of them to badsect, as the blocks in the
     bad sector files actually cover all the sectors in a file system fragment.

BSD
								   June 5, 1993 							       BSD