VALUES(7)							   SQL Commands 							 VALUES(7)

NAME

       VALUES - compute a set of rows

SYNOPSIS

       VALUES ( expression [, ...] ) [, ...]
	   [ ORDER BY sort_expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, ...] ]
	   [ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]
	   [ OFFSET start [ ROW | ROWS ] ]
	   [ FETCH { FIRST | NEXT } [ count ] { ROW | ROWS } ONLY ]

DESCRIPTION

       VALUES  computes a row value or set of row values specified by value expressions. It is most commonly used to generate a ``constant table''
       within a larger command, but it can be used on its own.

       When more than one row is specified, all the rows must have the same number of elements. The data types of the  resulting  table's  columns
       are  determined	by combining the explicit or inferred types of the expressions appearing in that column, using the same rules as for UNION
       (see in the documentation).

       Within larger commands, VALUES is syntactically allowed anywhere that SELECT is. Because it is treated like a SELECT by the grammar, it	is
       possible to use the ORDER BY, LIMIT (or equivalently FETCH FIRST), and OFFSET clauses with a VALUES command.

PARAMETERS

       expression
	      A constant or expression to compute and insert at the indicated place in the resulting table (set of rows). In a VALUES list appear-
	      ing at the top level of an INSERT, an expression can be replaced by DEFAULT to indicate that the destination column's default  value
	      should be inserted. DEFAULT cannot be used when VALUES appears in other contexts.

       sort_expression
	      An  expression  or  integer  constant indicating how to sort the result rows. This expression can refer to the columns of the VALUES
	      result as column1, column2, etc. For more details see ORDER BY Clause [select(7)].

       operator
	      A sorting operator. For details see ORDER BY Clause [select(7)].

       count  The maximum number of rows to return. For details see LIMIT Clause [select(7)].

       start  The number of rows to skip before starting to return rows.  For details see LIMIT Clause [select(7)].

NOTES

       VALUES lists with very large numbers of rows should be avoided, as you might encounter out-of-memory failures or poor performance.   VALUES
       appearing  within  INSERT  is  a  special  case (because the desired column types are known from the INSERT's target table, and need not be
       inferred by scanning the VALUES list), so it can handle larger lists than are practical in other contexts.

EXAMPLES

       A bare VALUES command:

       VALUES (1, 'one'), (2, 'two'), (3, 'three');

       This will return a table of two columns and three rows. It's effectively equivalent to:

       SELECT 1 AS column1, 'one' AS column2
       UNION ALL
       SELECT 2, 'two'
       UNION ALL
       SELECT 3, 'three';

       More usually, VALUES is used within a larger SQL command.  The most common use is in INSERT:

       INSERT INTO films (code, title, did, date_prod, kind)
	   VALUES ('T_601', 'Yojimbo', 106, '1961-06-16', 'Drama');

       In the context of INSERT, entries of a VALUES list can be DEFAULT to indicate that the column default should be used here instead of speci-
       fying a value:

       INSERT INTO films VALUES
	   ('UA502', 'Bananas', 105, DEFAULT, 'Comedy', '82 minutes'),
	   ('T_601', 'Yojimbo', 106, DEFAULT, 'Drama', DEFAULT);

       VALUES can also be used where a sub-SELECT might be written, for example in a FROM clause:

       SELECT f.*
	 FROM films f, (VALUES('MGM', 'Horror'), ('UA', 'Sci-Fi')) AS t (studio, kind)
	 WHERE f.studio = t.studio AND f.kind = t.kind;

       UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * v.increase
	 FROM (VALUES(1, 200000, 1.2), (2, 400000, 1.4)) AS v (depno, target, increase)
	 WHERE employees.depno = v.depno AND employees.sales >= v.target;

       Note  that an AS clause is required when VALUES is used in a FROM clause, just as is true for SELECT. It is not required that the AS clause
       specify names for all the columns, but it's good practice to do so.  (The default column names for VALUES  are  column1,  column2,  etc	in
       PostgreSQL, but these names might be different in other database systems.)

       When VALUES is used in INSERT, the values are all automatically coerced to the data type of the corresponding destination column. When it's
       used in other contexts, it might be necessary to specify the correct data type. If the entries are all quoted literal  constants,  coercing
       the first is sufficient to determine the assumed type for all:

       SELECT * FROM machines
       WHERE ip_address IN (VALUES('192.168.0.1'::inet), ('192.168.0.10'), ('192.168.1.43'));

	      Tip:  For  simple  IN  tests, it's better to rely on the list-of-scalars form of IN than to write a VALUES query as shown above. The
	      list of scalars method requires less writing and is often more efficient.

COMPATIBILITY

       VALUES conforms to the SQL standard.  LIMIT and OFFSET are PostgreSQL extensions; see also under SELECT [select(7)].

SEE ALSO

       INSERT [insert(7)], SELECT [select(7)]

SQL - Language Statements					    2010-05-14								 VALUES(7)