CAT(1P) 						     POSIX Programmer's Manual							   CAT(1P)

PROLOG

       This  manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the correspond-
       ing Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.

NAME

       cat -- concatenate and print files

SYNOPSIS

       cat [-u] [file...]

DESCRIPTION

       The cat utility shall read files in sequence and shall write their contents to the standard output in the same sequence.

OPTIONS

       The cat utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2008, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.

       The following option shall be supported:

       -u	 Write bytes from the input file to the standard output without delay as each is read.

OPERANDS

       The following operand shall be supported:

       file	 A pathname of an input file. If no file operands are specified, the standard input shall be used. If a file is '-', the cat util-
		 ity  shall  read from the standard input at that point in the sequence. The cat utility shall not close and reopen standard input
		 when it is referenced in this way, but shall accept multiple occurrences of '-' as a file operand.

STDIN

       The standard input shall be used only if no file operands are specified, or if a file operand is '-'.  See the INPUT FILES section.

INPUT FILES

       The input files can be any file type.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

       The following environment variables shall affect the execution of cat:

       LANG	 Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or  null.  (See	the  Base  Definitions	volume	of
		 POSIX.1-2008,	Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine
		 the values of locale categories.)

       LC_ALL	 If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.

       LC_CTYPE  Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed
		 to multi-byte characters in arguments).

       LC_MESSAGES
		 Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.

       NLSPATH	 Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS

       Default.

STDOUT

       The standard output shall contain the sequence of bytes read from the input files. Nothing else shall be written to the standard output.

STDERR

       The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES

       None.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION

       None.

EXIT STATUS

       The following exit values shall be returned:

	0    All input files were output successfully.

       >0    An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS

       Default.

       The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE

       The -u option has value in prototyping non-blocking reads from FIFOs. The intent is to support the following sequence:

	   mkfifo foo
	   cat -u foo > /dev/tty13 &
	   cat -u > foo

       It  is unspecified whether standard output is or is not buffered in the default case. This is sometimes of interest when standard output is
       associated with a terminal, since buffering may delay the output. The presence of the -u option guarantees that unbuffered  I/O	is  avail-
       able.  It  is implementation-defined whether the cat utility buffers output if the -u option is not specified. Traditionally, the -u option
       is implemented using the equivalent of the setvbuf() function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1-2008.

EXAMPLES

       The following command:

	   cat myfile

       writes the contents of the file myfile to standard output.

       The following command:

	   cat doc1 doc2 > doc.all

       concatenates the files doc1 and doc2 and writes the result to doc.all.

       Because of the shell language mechanism used to perform output redirection, a command such as this:

	   cat doc doc.end > doc

       causes the original data in doc to be lost.

       The command:

	   cat start - middle - end > file

       when standard input is a terminal, gets two arbitrary pieces of input from the terminal with a single invocation of  cat.   Note,  however,
       that if standard input is a regular file, this would be equivalent to the command:

	   cat start - middle /dev/null end > file

       because the entire contents of the file would be consumed by cat the first time '-' was used as a file operand and an end-of-file condition
       would be detected immediately when '-' was referenced the second time.

RATIONALE

       Historical versions of the cat utility include the -e, -t, and -v, options which permit the ends of lines, <tab> characters, and  invisible
       characters, respectively, to be rendered visible in the output. The standard developers omitted these options because they provide too fine
       a degree of control over what is made visible, and similar output can be obtained using a command such as:

	   sed -n l pathname

       The latter also has the advantage that its output is unambiguous, whereas the output of historical cat -etv is not.

       The -s option was omitted because it corresponds to different functions in BSD and System V-based systems. The BSD  -s  option  to  squeeze
       blank lines can be accomplished by the shell script shown in the following example:

	   sed -n '
	   # Write non-empty lines.
	   /./	 {
		 p
		 d
		 }
	   # Write a single empty line, then look for more empty lines.
	   /^$/  p
	   # Get next line, discard the held <newline> (empty line),
	   # and look for more empty lines.
	   :Empty
	   /^$/  {
		 N
		 s/.//
		 b Empty
		 }
	   # Write the non-empty line before going back to search
	   # for the first in a set of empty lines.
		 p
	   '

       The System V -s option to silence error messages can be accomplished by redirecting the standard error. Note that the BSD documentation for
       cat uses the term ``blank line'' to mean the same as the POSIX ``empty line'': a line consisting only of a <newline>.

       The BSD -n option was omitted because similar functionality can be obtained from the -n option of the pr utility.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

       None.

SEE ALSO

       more

       The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2008, Chapter 8, Environment Variables, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines

       The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1-2008, setvbuf()

COPYRIGHT

       Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technol-
       ogy  --	Portable  Operating  System  Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of
       Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group.  (This is POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the
       event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Stan-
       dard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.unix.org/online.html .

       Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source
       files to man page format. To report such errors, see https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .

IEEE
/The Open Group						       2013								   CAT(1P)