SQL(1)								     parallel								    SQL(1)

NAME

       sql - execute a command on a database determined by a dburl

SYNOPSIS

       sql [options] dburl [commands]

       sql [options] dburl < commandfile

       #!/usr/bin/sql --shebang [options] dburl

DESCRIPTION

       GNU sql aims to give a simple, unified interface for accessing databases through all the different databases' command line clients. So far
       the focus has been on giving a common way to specify login information (protocol, username, password, hostname, and port number), size
       (database and table size), and running queries.

       The database is addressed using a DBURL. If commands are left out you will get that database's interactive shell.

       GNU sql is often used in combination with GNU parallel.

       dburl	A DBURL has the following syntax: [sql:]vendor:// [[user][:password]@][host][:port]/[database][?sqlquery]

		See the section DBURL below.

       commands The SQL commands to run. Each argument will have a newline appended.

		Example: "SELECT * FROM foo;" "SELECT * FROM bar;"

		If the arguments contain '
' or 'x0a' this will be replaced with a newline:

		Example: "SELECT * FROM foo;
 SELECT * FROM bar;"

		If no commands are given SQL is read from the keyboard or STDIN.

		Example: echo 'SELECT * FROM foo;' | sql mysql:///

       --db-size
       --dbsize Size of database. Show the size of the database on disk. For Oracle this requires access to read the table dba_data_files - the
		user system has that.

       --help
       -h	Print a summary of the options to GNU sql and exit.

       --html	HTML output. Turn on HTML tabular output.

       --show-processlist
       --proclist
       --listproc
		Show the list of running queries.

       --show-databases
       --showdbs
       --list-databases
       --listdbs
		List the databases (table spaces) in the database.

       --show-tables
       --list-tables
       --table-list
		List the tables in the database.

       --noheaders
       --no-headers
       -n	Remove headers and footers and print only tuples. Bug in Oracle: it still prints number of rows found.

       -p pass-through
		The string following -p will be given to the database connection program as arguments. Multiple -p's will be joined with space.
		Example: pass '-U' and the user name to the program:

		-p "-U scott" can also be written -p -U -p scott.

       -r	Try 3 times. Short version of --retries 3.

       --retries ntimes
		Try ntimes times. If the client program returns with an error, retry the command. Default is --retries 1.

       --sep string
       -s string
		Field separator. Use string as separator between columns.

       --skip-first-line
		Do not use the first line of input (used by GNU sql itself when called with --shebang).

       --table-size
       --tablesize
		Size of tables. Show the size of the tables in the database.

       --version
       -V	Print the version GNU sql and exit.

       --shebang
       -Y	GNU sql can be called as a shebang (#!) command as the first line of a script. Like this:

		  #!/usr/bin/sql -Y mysql:///

		  SELECT * FROM foo;

		For this to work --shebang or -Y must be set as the first option.

DBURL

       A DBURL has the following syntax: [sql:]vendor:// [[user][:password]@][host][:port]/[database][?sqlquery]

       To quote special characters use %-encoding specified in http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-2.1 (E.g. a password containing '/'
       would contain '%2F').

       Examples:
	mysql://scott:tiger@my.example.com/mydb
	sql:oracle://scott:tiger@ora.example.com/xe
	postgresql://scott:tiger@pg.example.com/pgdb
	pg:///
	postgresqlssl://scott@pg.example.com:3333/pgdb
	sql:sqlite2:////tmp/db.sqlite?SELECT * FROM foo;
	sqlite3:///../db.sqlite3?SELECT%20*%20FROM%20foo;

       Currently supported vendors: MySQL (mysql), MySQL with SSL (mysqls, mysqlssl), Oracle (oracle, ora), PostgreSQL (postgresql, pg, pgsql,
       postgres), PostgreSQL with SSL (postgresqlssl, pgs, pgsqlssl, postgresssl, pgssl, postgresqls, pgsqls, postgress), SQLite2 (sqlite,
       sqlite2), SQLite3 (sqlite3).

       Aliases must start with ':' and are read from /etc/sql/aliases and ~/.sql/aliases. The user's own ~/.sql/aliases should only be readable by
       the user.

       Example of aliases:

	:myalias1 pg://scott:tiger@pg.example.com/pgdb
	:myalias2 ora://scott:tiger@ora.example.com/xe
	# Short form of mysql://`whoami`:nopassword@localhost:3306/`whoami`
	:myalias3 mysql:///
	# Short form of mysql://`whoami`:nopassword@localhost:33333/mydb
	:myalias4 mysql://:33333/mydb
	# Alias for an alias
	:m	:myalias4
	# the sortest alias possible
	:	sqlite2:////tmp/db.sqlite
	# Including an SQL query
	:query	sqlite:////tmp/db.sqlite?SELECT * FROM foo;

EXAMPLES

   Get an interactive prompt
       The most basic use of GNU sql is to get an interactive prompt:

       sql sql:oracle://scott:tiger@ora.example.com/xe

       If you have setup an alias you can do:

       sql :myora

   Run a query
       To run a query directly from the command line:

       sql :myalias "SELECT * FROM foo;"

       Oracle requires newlines after each statement. This can be done like this:

       sql :myora "SELECT * FROM foo;" "SELECT * FROM bar;"

       Or this:

       sql :myora "SELECT * FROM foo;
SELECT * FROM bar;"

   Copy a PostgreSQL database
       To copy a PostgreSQL database use pg_dump to generate the dump and GNU sql to import it:

       pg_dump pg_database | sql pg://scott:tiger@pg.example.com/pgdb

   Empty all tables in a MySQL database
       Using GNU parallel it is easy to empty all tables without dropping them:

       sql -n mysql:/// 'show tables' | parallel sql mysql:/// DELETE FROM {};

   Drop all tables in a PostgreSQL database
       To drop all tables in a PostgreSQL database do:

       sql -n pg:/// 'dt' | parallel --colsep '|' -r sql pg:/// DROP TABLE {2};

   Run as a script
       Instead of doing:

       sql mysql:/// < sqlfile

       you can combine the sqlfile with the DBURL to make a UNIX-script. Create a script called demosql:

       #!/usr/bin/sql -Y mysql:///

       SELECT * FROM foo;

       Then do:

       chmod +x demosql; ./demosql

   Use --colsep to process multiple columns
       Use GNU parallel's --colsep to separate columns:

       sql -s '	' :myalias 'SELECT * FROM foo;' | parallel --colsep '	' do_stuff {4} {1}

   Retry if the connection fails
       If the access to the database fails occationally --retries can help make sure the query succeeds:

       sql --retries 5 :myalias 'SELECT * FROM really_big_foo;'

   Get info about the running database system
       Show how big the database is:

       sql --db-size :myalias

       List the tables:

       sql --list-tables :myalias

       List the size of the tables:

       sql --table-size :myalias

       List the running processes:

       sql --show-processlist :myalias

REPORTING BUGS

       GNU sql is part of GNU parallel. Report bugs to <bug-parallel@gnu.org>.

AUTHOR

       When using GNU sql for a publication please cite:

       O. Tange (2011): GNU SQL - A Command Line Tool for Accessing Different Databases Using DBURLs, ;login: The USENIX Magazine, April
       2011:29-32.

       Copyright (C) 2008,2009,2010 Ole Tange http://ole.tange.dk

       Copyright (C) 2010,2011 Ole Tange, http://ole.tange.dk and Free Software Foundation, Inc.

LICENSE

       Copyright (C) 2007,2008,2009,2010,2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

       This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
       the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or at your option any later version.

       This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
       MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.

       You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

   Documentation license I
       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentation under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
       1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
       Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the file fdl.txt.

   Documentation license II
       You are free:

       to Share to copy, distribute and transmit the work

       to Remix to adapt the work

       Under the following conditions:

       Attribution
		You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse
		you or your use of the work).

       Share Alike
		If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same, similar or a
		compatible license.

       With the understanding that:

       Waiver	Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.

       Public Domain
		Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the
		license.

       Other Rights
		In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license:

		o	 Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable copyright exceptions and limitations;

		o	 The author's moral rights;

		o	 Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights.

       Notice	For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.

       A copy of the full license is included in the file as cc-by-sa.txt.

DEPENDENCIES

       GNU sql uses Perl. If mysql is installed, MySQL dburls will work. If psql is installed, PostgreSQL dburls will work.  If sqlite is
       installed, SQLite2 dburls will work.  If sqlite3 is installed, SQLite3 dburls will work. If sqlplus is installed, Oracle dburls will work.
       If rlwrap is installed, GNU sql will have a command history for Oracle.

FILES

       ~/.sql/aliases - user's own aliases with DBURLs

       /etc/sql/aliases - common aliases with DBURLs

SEE ALSO

       mysql(1), psql(1), rlwrap(1), sqlite(1), sqlite3(1), sqlplus(1)

20120422							    2012-04-21								    SQL(1)