GROWISOFS(1m)															     GROWISOFS(1m)

NAME

       growisofs - combined mkisofs frontend/DVD recording program.

SYNOPSIS

       growisofs [-dry-run] [-dvd-compat] [-overburn] [-speed=1] -[Z|M] /dev/dvd <mkisofs-options>

DESCRIPTION

       growisofs  was  originally  designed  as a frontend to mkisofs to facilitate appending of data to ISO9660 volumes residing on random-access
       media such as DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, plain files, hard disk partitions. In the course of development general purpose DVD  recording  support  was
       implemented, and as of now growisofs supports not only random-access media, but even mastering of multi-session DVD media such as DVD+R and
       DVD-R/-RW. In addition growisofs supports first-/single-session recording of arbitrary pre-mastered image (formatted as UDF, ISO9660 or any
       other file system, if formatted at all) to all supported DVD media types.

OPTIONS

       -Z /dev/dvd
	      Burn  an	initial  session  to  the  selected device. A special form of this option is recognized to support burning of pre-mastered
	      images. See EXAMPLES section for further details.

       -M /dev/dvd
	      Merge a new session to an existing one.

       -version
	      Print version information and invoke mkisofs, also with -version option.

       -dvd-compat
	      Provide maximum media compatibility with DVD-ROM/-Video. In write-once context  (DVD+R  and  DVD-R)  this  results  in  unappendable
	      recording (closed disk). In DVD+RW context it instructs the logical unit to explicitly burn [otherwise optional] lead-out.

       -dry-run
	      At  dry-run  growisofs  performs	all the steps till, but not including the first write operation. Most notably check for "overburn"
	      condition is performed, which implies that mkisofs is invoked and terminated prematurely.

       -overburn
	      Normally DVD media can accommodate up to approximately 4.700.000.000 bytes (in marketing speech 4.7GB). In other	words  a  DVD  can
	      contain about 4.377 GiB or 4482 MiB. Growisofs won't start without this option, if "overburn" condition appears to be unavoidable.

       -speed=N
	      An  option to control recording velocity. Most commonly you'll use -speed=1 with "no-name" DVD-R[W] media, if default speed settings
	      messes up the media. Keep in mind that N essentially denotes speed closest to N*1385KBps among those offered by unit  for  currently
	      mounted media. The list can be found in dvd+rw-mediainfo output.

       <mkisofs-options>
	      More options can be found in the manpage for mkisofs.

       There're several undocumented options commonly denoted with -use-the-force-luke prefix. Some of them serve debugging purposes. Some require
       certain knowledge about recording process or even OS kernel internals and as being such can induce confusing behaviour. Some are to be used
       in  very  specific  situations better recognized by front-ends or automated scripts. Rationale behind leaving these options undocumented is
       that those few users who would actually need to use them directly can as well consult the source code or obtain specific instructions else-
       where.

DIFFERENCES WITH RUNNING MKISOFS DIRECTLY

       When using growisofs you may not use the -o option for an output file.  growisofs dumps the image directly to the media;

       You don't have to specify the -C option to create a higher level session on a multi session disk, growisofs will construct one for you;

       Otherwise everything that applies to [multi-session] mastering with mkisofs applies to growisofs as well.  growisofs needs at least mkisofs
       version 1.14, version 2.0 is required for multi-session write-once recordings.

EXAMPLES

       Actual device names vary from one operating system to another. We use /dev/dvd as a collective name or  as  symbolic  link  to  the  actual
       device if you wish. Under Linux it will most likely be an ide-scsi device  such as "/dev/scd0." Under NetBSD/OpenBSD it has to be a charac-
       ter  SCSI  CD-ROM  device  such	as  "/dev/rcd0c."  Under  Solaris  it  also  has  to  be  a  character	SCSI/ATAPI  CD-ROM  device,   e.g.
       "/dev/rdsk/c0t1d0s2" or "/vol/dev/aliases/cdrom0." And likewise in HP-UX and IRIX...

       To master and burn an ISO9660 volume with Joliet and Rock-Ridge extensions on a DVD:

	    growisofs -Z /dev/dvd -R -J /some/files

       To append more data to same DVD:

	    growisofs -M /dev/dvd -R -J /more/files

       Make sure to use the same options for both inital burning and following sessions.

       To use growisofs to write a pre-mastered ISO-image to a DVD:

	    growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/dvd=image.iso

       where  image.iso  represents  an  arbitrary object in the filesystem, such as file, named pipe or device entry. Nothing is growing here and
       command name is not intuitive in this context.

NOTES

       If executed under sudo(8) growisofs refuses to start. This is done for the following reason. Naturally growisofs has to access the data set
       to be recorded to DVD media, either indirectly by letting mkisofs generate ISO9660 layout on-the-fly or directly if a pre-mastered image is
       to be recorded. Being executed under sudo(8), growisofs effectively grants sudoers read access to any file in the file system.  The  situa-
       tion  is  intensified by the fact that growisofs parses MKISOFS environment variable in order to determine alternative path to mkisofs exe-
       cutable image. This means that being executed under sudo(8), growisofs effectively grants sudoers right to execute program of their  choice
       with  elevated  privileges.  If	you for any reason still find the above acceptable and are willing to take the consequences, then consider
       running following wrapper script under sudo(8) in place for real growisofs binary.

	    #!/bin/ksh
	    unset SUDO_COMMAND
	    export MKISOFS=/path/to/trusted/mkisofs
	    exec growisofs "$@"

       But note that the recommended alternative to the above "workaround" is actually to install growisofs set-root-uid, in which  case  it  will
       drop privileges prior accessing data or executing mkisofs in order to preclude unauthorized access to the data.

       If the media already carries isofs and growisofs is invoked with -Z option non-interactively, e.g. through cron, it shall fail with "FATAL:
       /dev/dvd already carries isofs!" Note that only ISO9660 is recognized, you can perfectly zap e.g. an UDF filesystem non-interactively.

       "Overburn" protection in pre-mastered image context works only with plain files and ISO9660 formatted volumes. E.g. [given  that  /dev/root
       is an ext2 formatted file system larger than 4.7GB] /dev/dvd=/dev/root is bound to produce corrupted recording.

       Note  that  DVD+RW re-formatting procedure does not substitute for blanking. If you want to nullify the media, e.g. for privacy reasons, do
       it explicitly with 'growisofs -Z /dev/dvd=/dev/zero'.

       Playback of re-writable DVD media, both DVD+RW and DVD-RW, might be limited in legacy DVD-ROM/-Video units. In most cases this  is  due	to
       lower reflectivity of such media.

       Even though growisofs supports it, playback of multi-session write-once DVD might be limited to the first session for two reasons:

       o      not  all	DVD-ROM  players  are  capable	of multi-border DVD-R playback, even less are aware of DVD+R multi-sessioning, burner unit
	      therefore might be the only one in your vicinity capable of accessing files written at different occasions;

       o      OS might fail to mount multi-session DVD for various reasons;

       The above is not applicable to DVD+RW, DVD-RW Restricted Overwrite or DVD-RAM, as volumes are grown within a single session.

SEE ALSO

       Most up-to-date information on dvd+rw-tools is available at http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW/.

       The manpage for mkisofs.

AUTHORS

       Andy Polyakov <appro@fy.chalmers.se> stands for programming and on-line information.

       This manpage is currently maintained by Huub Reuver <h_reuver@mantell.xs4all.nl>.

LICENSE

       growisofs is distributed under GNU GPL.

ATTRIBUTES

       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       +---------------------------------+---+
       |ATTRIBUTE TYPE	ATTRIBUTE VALUE  |   |
       +---------------------------------+---+
       |Availability	SUNWdvdrw	 |   |
       +---------------------------------+---+
       |Interface Stability	Unstable |   |
       +---------------------------------+---+
NOTES

       This   utility	is   part   of	 dvd+rw-tools.	  The	 source    for	  dvd+rw-tools	  is	available    on    http://opensolaris.org.
       http://fy.chalmers.se/~appro/linux/DVD+RW

growisofs 5.20							   15 July 2004 						     GROWISOFS(1m)