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Full Discussion: Byte Padding
Top Forums Programming Byte Padding Post 302106966 by jim mcnamara on Tuesday 13th of February 2007 01:46:08 PM
Old 02-13-2007
Padding is implementation dependent. Basically it means the the objects inside the struct have their beginning addresses moved (padded with bytes) so the start of each object can be accessed by the hardware efficiently.

Misalignment of objects can result in a SIGBUS core dump, or very much slower access to the object. Some compilers have a pragma to turn off or alter padding. Others provide warnings about padding.
 

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MPSNNDefaultPadding(3)					 MetalPerformanceShaders.framework				    MPSNNDefaultPadding(3)

NAME
MPSNNDefaultPadding SYNOPSIS
#import <MPSNeuralNetworkTypes.h> Inherits NSObject, and <MPSNNPadding>. Instance Methods (NSString *__nonnull) - label Class Methods (instancetype __nonnull) + paddingWithMethod: (instancetype __nonnull) + paddingForTensorflowAveragePooling (instancetype __nonnull) + paddingForTensorflowAveragePoolingValidOnly Method Documentation - (NSString * __nonnull) label Human readable description of what the padding policy does + (instancetype __nonnull) paddingForTensorflowAveragePooling A padding policy that attempts to reproduce TensorFlow behavior for average pooling Most TensorFlow padding is covered by the standard MPSNNPaddingMethod encodings. You can use +paddingWithMethod to get quick access to MPSNNPadding objects, when default filter behavior isn't enough. (It often is.) However, the edging for max pooling in TensorFlow is a bit unusual. This padding method attempts to reproduce TensorFlow padding for average pooling. In addition to setting MPSNNPaddingMethodSizeSame | MPSNNPaddingMethodAlignCentered | MPSNNPaddingMethodAddRemainderToBottomRight, it also configures the filter to run with MPSImageEdgeModeClamp, which (as a special case for average pooling only), normalizes the sum of contributing samples to the area of valid contributing pixels only. // Sample implementation for the tensorflowPoolingPaddingPolicy returned -(MPSNNPaddingMethod) paddingMethod{ return MPSNNPaddingMethodCustom | MPSNNPaddingMethodSizeSame; } -(MPSImageDescriptor * __nonnull) destinationImageDescriptorForSourceImages: (NSArray <MPSImage *> *__nonnull) sourceImages sourceStates: (NSArray <MPSState *> * __nullable) sourceStates forKernel: (MPSKernel * __nonnull) kernel suggestedDescriptor: (MPSImageDescriptor * __nonnull) inDescriptor { ((MPSCNNKernel *)kernel).edgeMode = MPSImageEdgeModeClamp; return inDescriptor; } + (instancetype __nonnull) paddingForTensorflowAveragePoolingValidOnly Typical pooling padding policy for valid only mode + (instancetype __nonnull) paddingWithMethod: (MPSNNPaddingMethod) method Fetch a well known object that implements a non-custom padding method For custom padding methods, you will need to implement an object that conforms to the full MPSNNPadding protocol, including NSSecureCoding. Parameters: method A MPSNNPaddingMethod Returns: An object that implements <MPSNNPadding> for use with MPSNNGraphNodes. Author Generated automatically by Doxygen for MetalPerformanceShaders.framework from the source code. Version MetalPerformanceShaders-100 Thu Feb 8 2018 MPSNNDefaultPadding(3)
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