CHATTR(1)						      General Commands Manual							 CHATTR(1)

NAME

       chattr - change file attributes on a Linux file system

SYNOPSIS

       chattr [ -RVf ] [ -v version ] [ -p project ] [ mode ] files...

DESCRIPTION

       chattr changes the file attributes on a Linux file system.

       The format of a symbolic mode is +-=[aAcCdDeijPsStTu].

       The operator '+' causes the selected attributes to be added to the existing attributes of the files; '-' causes them to be removed; and '='
       causes them to be the only attributes that the files have.

       The letters 'aAcCdDeijPsStTu' select the new attributes for the files: append only (a), no atime updates (A), compressed (c),  no  copy	on
       write  (C),  no dump (d), synchronous directory updates (D), extent format (e), immutable (i), data journalling (j), project hierarchy (P),
       secure deletion (s), synchronous updates (S), no tail-merging (t), top of directory hierarchy (T), and undeletable (u).

       The following attributes are read-only, and may be listed by lsattr(1) but not modified by chattr: encrypted (E),  indexed  directory  (I),
       and inline data (N).

       Not  all  flags	are supported or utilized by all filesystems; refer to filesystem-specific man pages such as btrfs(5), ext4(5), and xfs(5)
       for more filesystem-specific details.

OPTIONS

       -R     Recursively change attributes of directories and their contents.

       -V     Be verbose with chattr's output and print the program version.

       -f     Suppress most error messages.

       -v version
	      Set the file's version/generation number.

       -p project
	      Set the file's project number.

ATTRIBUTES

       A file with the 'a' attribute set can only be open  in  append  mode  for  writing.   Only  the	superuser  or  a  process  possessing  the
       CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE capability can set or clear this attribute.

       When  a file with the 'A' attribute set is accessed, its atime record is not modified.  This avoids a certain amount of disk I/O for laptop
       systems.

       A file with the 'c' attribute set is automatically compressed on the disk by the kernel.  A read from this file returns uncompressed  data.
       A  write  to this file compresses data before storing them on the disk.	Note: please make sure to read the bugs and limitations section at
       the end of this document.

       A file with the 'C' attribute set will not be subject to copy-on-write updates.	This flag is only supported on file systems which  perform
       copy-on-write.	(Note: For btrfs, the 'C' flag should be set on new or empty files.  If it is set on a file which already has data blocks,
       it is undefined when the blocks assigned to the file will be fully stable.  If the 'C' flag is set on a directory, it will have	no  effect
       on the directory, but new files created in that directory will have the No_COW attribute set.)

       A file with the 'd' attribute set is not candidate for backup when the dump(8) program is run.

       When  a	directory  with  the  'D'  attribute set is modified, the changes are written synchronously on the disk; this is equivalent to the
       'dirsync' mount option applied to a subset of the files.

       The 'e' attribute indicates that the file is using extents for mapping the blocks on disk.  It may not be removed using chattr(1).

       The 'E' attribute is used by the experimental encryption patches to indicate that the file has been encrypted.  It may not be set or  reset
       using chattr(1), although it can be displayed by lsattr(1).

       A  file with the 'i' attribute cannot be modified: it cannot be deleted or renamed, no link can be created to this file, most of the file's
       metadata can not be modified, and no data can be written to the file.  Only the superuser or a process possessing  the  CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE
       capability can set or clear this attribute.

       The  'I'  attribute is used by the htree code to indicate that a directory is being indexed using hashed trees.	It may not be set or reset
       using chattr(1), although it can be displayed by lsattr(1).

       A file with the 'j' attribute has all of its data written to the ext3 or ext4 journal before being written to the file itself, if the  file
       system  is  mounted  with the "data=ordered" or "data=writeback" options and the file system has a journal.  When the filesystem is mounted
       with the "data=journal" option all file data is already journalled and this attribute has no effect.  Only the superuser or a process  pos-
       sessing the CAP_SYS_RESOURCE capability can set or clear this attribute.

       A file with the 'N' attribute set indicates that the file has data stored inline, within the inode itself. It may not be set or reset using
       chattr(1), although it can be displayed by lsattr(1).

       A directory with the 'P' attribute set will enforce a hierarchical structure for project id's.  This means that files and directory created
       in  the directory will inherit the project id of the directory, rename operations are constrained so when a file or directory is moved into
       another directory, that the project id's much match.  In addition, a hard link to file can only be created when the project id for the file
       and the destination directory match.

       When  a file with the 's' attribute set is deleted, its blocks are zeroed and written back to the disk.	Note: please make sure to read the
       bugs and limitations section at the end of this document.

       When a file with the 'S' attribute set is modified, the changes are written synchronously on the disk; this is  equivalent  to  the  'sync'
       mount option applied to a subset of the files.

       A  file with the 't' attribute will not have a partial block fragment at the end of the file merged with other files (for those filesystems
       which support tail-merging).  This is necessary for applications such as LILO which read the filesystem directly, and  which  don't  under-
       stand  tail-merged files.  Note: As of this writing, the ext2 or ext3 filesystems do not (yet, except in very experimental patches) support
       tail-merging.

       A directory with the 'T' attribute will be deemed to be the top of directory hierarchies for the purposes of  the  Orlov  block	allocator.
       This  is  a hint to the block allocator used by ext3 and ext4 that the subdirectories under this directory are not related, and thus should
       be spread apart for allocation purposes.   For example it is a very good idea to set the 'T' attribute on  the  /home  directory,  so  that
       /home/john  and /home/mary are placed into separate block groups.  For directories where this attribute is not set, the Orlov block alloca-
       tor will try to group subdirectories closer together where possible.

       When a file with the 'u' attribute set is deleted, its contents are saved.  This allows the user to ask for its undeletion.   Note:  please
       make sure to read the bugs and limitations section at the end of this document.

AUTHOR

       chattr was written by Remy Card <Remy.Card@linux.org>.  It is currently being maintained by Theodore Ts'o <tytso@alum.mit.edu>.

BUGS AND LIMITATIONS

       The 'c', 's',  and 'u' attributes are not honored by the ext2, ext3, and ext4 filesystems as implemented in the current mainline Linux ker-
       nels.

       The 'j' option is only useful for ext3 and ext4 file systems.

       The 'D' option is only useful on Linux kernel 2.5.19 and later.

AVAILABILITY

       chattr is part of the e2fsprogs package and is available from http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net.

SEE ALSO

       lsattr(1), btrfs(5), ext4(5), xfs(5).

E2fsprogs version 1.44.1					    March 2018								 CHATTR(1)