LS(1)							      General Commands Manual							     LS(1)

NAME

       ls  -  list contents of directory

SYNOPSIS

       ls [ -ltasdrucifg ] name ...

DESCRIPTION

       For  each directory argument, ls lists the contents of the directory; for each file argument, ls repeats its name and any other information
       requested.  The output is sorted alphabetically by default.  When no argument is given, the current  directory  is  listed.   When  several
       arguments  are given, the arguments are first sorted appropriately, but file arguments appear before directories and their contents.  There
       are several options:

       -l     List in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner, size in bytes, and time of last modification for each file.  (See  below.)
	      If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain the major and minor device numbers.

       -t     Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by name, as is normal.

       -a     List all entries; usually `.'  and `..'  are suppressed.

       -s     Give size in blocks, including indirect blocks, for each entry.

       -d     If argument is a directory, list only its name, not its contents (mostly used with -l to get status on directory).

       -r     Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic or oldest first as appropriate.

       -u     Use time of last access instead of last modification for sorting (-t) or printing (-l).

       -c     Use time of last modification to inode (mode, etc.)  instead of last modification to file for sorting (-t) or printing (-l).

       -i     Print i-number in first column of the report for each file listed.

       -f     Force  each  argument  to be interpreted as a directory and list the name found in each slot.  This option turns off -l, -t, -s, and
	      -r, and turns on -a; the order is the order in which entries appear in the directory.

       -g     Give group ID instead of owner ID in long listing.

       The mode printed under the -l option contains 11 characters which are interpreted as follows: the first character is

       d  if the entry is a directory;
       b  if the entry is a block-type special file;
       c  if the entry is a character-type special file;
       -  if the entry is a plain file.

       The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three bits each.	The first set refers to owner permissions; the next to permissions
       to  others  in  the  same user-group; and the last to all others.  Within each set the three characters indicate permission respectively to
       read, to write, or to execute the file as a program.  For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted to mean permission to search the
       directory for a specified file.	The permissions are indicated as follows:

       r  if the file is readable;
       w  if the file is writable;
       x  if the file is executable;
       -  if the indicated permission is not granted.

       The  group-execute  permission character is given as s if the file has set-group-ID mode; likewise the user-execute permission character is
       given as s if the file has set-user-ID mode.

       The last character of the mode (normally `x' or `-') is t if the 1000 bit of the mode is on.  See chmod(1) for the meaning of this mode.

       When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total count of blocks, including indirect blocks is printed.

FILES

       /etc/passwd to get user ID's for `ls -l'.
       /etc/group to get group ID's for `ls -g'.

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