srec_intel16(5) 						File Formats Manual						   srec_intel16(5)

NAME

       srec_intel16 - Intel Hexadecimal 16-bit file format specification

DESCRIPTION

       This format is also known as the INHX16 format.

       This document describes the hexadecimal object file format for 16-bit microprocessors.

       This format is very similar to the srec_intel(5) format, except that the addresses are word addresses.  The count field is a word count.

       The hexadecimal representation of binary is coded in ASCII alphanumeric characters.  For example, the 8-bit binary value 0011-1111 is 3F in
       hexadecimal.  To code this in ASCII, one 8-bit byte containing the ASCII code for the character '3' (0011-0011 or 0x33) and one 8-bit  byte
       containing  the)  ASCII code for the character 'F' (0100-0110 or 0x46) are required.  For each byte value, the high-order hexadecimal digit
       is always the first digit of the pair of hexadecimal digits.  This representation (ASCII hexadecimal) requires twice as many bytes  as  the
       binary representation.

       A  hexadecimal  object  file  is  blocked into records, each of which contains the record type, length, memory load address and checksum in
       addition to the data.  There are currently six (6) different types of records that are defined, not all combinations of these  records  are
       meaningful, however.  The record are:

       o Data Record

       o End of File Record

       o Extended Segment Address Record

       o Start Segment Address Record

       o Extended Linear Address Record

       o Start Linear Address Record

   General Record Format
       +-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
       |Record | Record | Load	 | Record |  Data  | Check  |
       |Mark   | Length | Offset | Type   |	   | sum    |
       +-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
       Record Mark.
	       Each record begins with a Record Mark field containing 0x3A, the ASCII code for the colon (":") character.

       Record Length
	       Each  record  has  a Record Length field which specifies the number of 16-bit words of information or data which follows the Record
	       Type field of the record.  This field is one byte, represented as two hexadecimal characters.  The  maximum  value  of  the  Record
	       Length field is hexadecimal 'FF' or 255.

       Load Offset
	       Each record has a Load Offset field which specifies the 16-bit starting load offset of the data words, therefore this field is only
	       used for Data Records (if the words are loaded as bytes, the address needs to be doubled).  In other records where  this  field	is
	       not used, it should be coded as four ASCII zero characters ("0000" or 0x30303030).  This field one 16-bit word, represented as four
	       hexadecimal characters.

       Record Type
	       Each record has a Record Type field which specifies the record type of this record.  The Record Type field is used to interpret the
	       remaining  information within the record.  This field is one byte, represented as two hexadecimal characters.  The encoding for all
	       the current record types are:

	       0  Data Record

	       1  End of File Record

	       5  Execution Start Address Record

       Data    Each record has a variable length Data field, it consists of zero or more 16-bit words encoded as set of 4 hexadecimal digits, most
	       significant digit first.  The interpretation of this field depends on the Record Type field.

       Checksum
	       Each  record  ends  with  a Checksum field that contains the ASCII hexadecimal representation of the two's complement of  the 8-bit
	       bytes that result from converting each pair of ASCII hexadecimal digits to one byte of binary, from and including the Record Length
	       field  to and including the last byte of the Data field.  Therefore, the sum of all the ASCII pairs in a record after converting to
	       binary, from the Record Length field to and including the Checksum field, is zero.

   Data Record
       (8-, 16- or 32-bit formats)

       +-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
       |Record | Record | Load	 | Record |  Data  | Check  |
       |Mark   | Length | Offset | Type   |	   | sum    |
       |(":")  |	|	 |	  |	   |	    |
       +-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
       The Data Record provides a set of hexadecimal digits that represent the ASCII code for data bytes that make up a portion of a memory image.

       The contents of the individual fields within the record are:

       Record Mark
	       This field contains 0x3A, the hexadecimal encoding of the ASCII colon (":") character.

       Record Length
	       The field contains two ASCII hexadecimal digits that specify the number of 16-bit data words in the record.  The maximum  value	is
	       255 decimal.

       Load Offset
	       This  field  contains  four  ASCII  hexadecimal	digits	representing the word address at which the first word of the data is to be
	       placed.	(For an exquivalent bytes address, double it.)

       Record Type
	       This field contains 0x3030, the hexadecimal encoding of the ASCII character "00", which specifies the record  type  to  be  a  Data
	       Record.

       Data    This field contains sets of four ASCII hexadecimal digits, one set for each 16-bit data word, most significant digit first.

       Checksum
	       This field contains the check sum on the Record Length, Load Offset, Record Type, and Data fields.

   Execution Start Address Record
       +-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
       |Record | Record | Load	 | Record | EIP (4 | Check  |
       |Mark   | Length | Offset | Type   | bytes) | sum    |
       |(":")  | (4)	| (0)	 | (5)	  |	   |	    |
       +-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
       The Execution Start Address Record is used to specify the execution start address for the object file.  This is where the loader is to jump
       to begin execution once the hex load is complete.

       The Execution Start Address Record can appear anywhere in a hexadecimal object file.  If such a record is  not  present	in  a  hexadecimal
       object file, a loader is free to assign a default execution start address.

       The contents of the individual fields within the record are:

       Record mark
	       This field contains 0x3A, the hexadecimal encoding of the ASCII colon (":") character.

       Record length
	       The  field contains 0x3032, the hexadecimal encoding of the ASCII characters "02", which is the length, in bytes, of the EIP regis-
	       ter content within this record.

       Load Offset
	       This field contains 0x30303030, the hexadecimal encoding of the ASCII characters "0000", since this field  is  not  used  for  this
	       record.

       Record Type
	       This  field  contains  0x3035,  the hexadecimal encoding of the ASCII character "05", which specifies the record type to be a Start
	       Address Record.

       EIP     This field contains eight ASCII hexadecimal digits that specify the address.  The field is  encoded  big-endian	(most  significant
	       digit first).

       Checksum
	       This field contains the check sum on the Record length, Load Offset, Record Type, and EIP fields.

   End of File Record
       This shall be the last record in the file.

       +-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
       |Record | Record | Load	 | Record | Check  |
       |Mark   | Length | Offset | Type   | sum    |
       |(":")  | (0)	| (0)	 | (1)	  | (0xFF) |
       +-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
       The End of File Record specifies the end of the hexadecimal object file.

       The contents of the individual fields within the record are:

       Record mark
	       This field contains 0x3A, the hexadecimal encoding of the ASCII colon (":") character.

       Record Length
	       The  field  contains  0x3030,  the  hexadecimal encoding of the ASCII characters "00".  Since this record does not contain any Data
	       bytes, the length is zero.

       Load Offset
	       This field contains 0x30303030, the hexadecimal encoding of the ASCII characters "0000", since this field  is  not  used  for  this
	       record.

       Record Type
	       This  field  contains 0x3031, the hexadecimal encoding of the ASCII character "01", which specifies the record type to be an End of
	       File Record.

       Checksum
	       This field contains the check sum an the Record Length, Load Offset, and Record Type fields.  Since all the fields are static,  the
	       check sum can also be calculated statically, and the value is 0x4646, the hexadecimal encoding of the ASCII characters "FF".

   Size Multiplier
       In general, binary data will expand in sized by approximately 2.3 times when represented with this format.

EXAMPLE

       Here is an example INHX16 file.	It contains the data "Hello, World" to be loaded at address 0.
	      :0700000065486C6C2C6F5720726F646CFF0AA8
	      :00000001FF

COPYRIGHT

       srec_cat version 1.58
       Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Peter Miller

       The srec_cat program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details use the 'srec_cat -VERSion License' command.  This is free software and
       you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; for details use the 'srec_cat -VERSion License' command.

AUTHOR

       Peter Miller   E-Mail:	pmiller@opensource.org.au
       //*		 WWW:	http://miller.emu.id.au/pmiller/

Reference Manual						      SRecord							   srec_intel16(5)