INTRO(2)						     Linux Programmer's Manual							  INTRO(2)

NAME

       intro - Introduction to system calls

DESCRIPTION

       This chapter describes the Linux system calls.  For a list of the 164 syscalls present in Linux 2.0, see syscalls(2).

   Calling Directly
       In  most  cases,  it  is unnecessary to invoke a system call directly, but there are times when the Standard C library does not implement a
       nice function call for you.

   Synopsis
       #include <linux/unistd.h>

       A _syscall macro

       desired system call

   Setup
       The important thing to know about a system call is its prototype.  You need to know how many  arguments,  their	types,	and  the  function
       return type.  There are six macros that make the actual call into the system easier.  They have the form:

	      _syscallX(type,name,type1,arg1,type2,arg2,...)

		     where X is 0-5, which are the number of arguments taken by the system call

		     type is the return type of the system call

		     name is the name of the system call

		     typeN is the Nth argument's type

		     argN is the name of the Nth argument

       These  macros  create a function called name with the arguments you specify.  Once you include the _syscall() in your source file, you call
       the system call by name.

EXAMPLE

       #include <stdio.h>
       #include <linux/unistd.h>     /* for _syscallX macros/related stuff */
       #include <linux/kernel.h>     /* for struct sysinfo */

       _syscall1(int, sysinfo, struct sysinfo *, info);

       /* Note: if you copy directly from the nroff source, remember to
       REMOVE the extra backslashes in the printf statement. */

       int main(void)
       {
	    struct sysinfo s_info;
	    int error;

	    error = sysinfo(&s_info);
	    printf("code error = %d
", error);
	       printf("Uptime = %ds
Load: 1 min %d / 5 min %d / 15 min %d
"
		       "RAM: total %d / free %d / shared %d
"
		       "Memory in buffers = %d
Swap: total %d / free %d
"
		       "Number of processes = %d
",
		 s_info.uptime, s_info.loads[0],
		 s_info.loads[1], s_info.loads[2],
		 s_info.totalram, s_info.freeram,
		 s_info.sharedram, s_info.bufferram,
		 s_info.totalswap, s_info.freeswap,
		 s_info.procs);
	    return(0);
       }

Sample Output
       code error = 0
       uptime = 502034s
       Load: 1 min 13376 / 5 min 5504 / 15 min 1152
       RAM: total 15343616 / free 827392 / shared 8237056
       Memory in buffers = 5066752
       Swap: total 27881472 / free 24698880
       Number of processes = 40

NOTES

       The _syscall() macros DO NOT produce a prototype.  You may have to create one, especially for C++ users.

       System calls are not required to return only positive or negative error codes.  You need to read the source to be sure how it  will  return
       errors.	 Usually, it is the negative of a standard error code, e.g., -EPERM.  The _syscall() macros will return the result r of the system
       call when r is nonnegative, but will return -1 and set the variable errno to -r when r is negative.  For the error codes, see errno(3).

       Some system calls, such as mmap, require more than five arguments.  These are handled by pushing the arguments on the stack and	passing  a
       pointer to the block of arguments.

       When defining a system call, the argument types MUST be passed by-value or by-pointer (for aggregates like structs).

CONFORMING TO

       Certain codes are used to indicate Unix variants and standards to which calls in the section conform.  These are:

       SVr4   System V Release 4 Unix, as described in the "Programmer's Reference Manual: Operating System API (Intel processors)" (Prentice-Hall
	      1992, ISBN 0-13-951294-2)

       SVID   System V Interface Definition, as described in "The System V Interface Definition, Fourth Edition".

       POSIX.1
	      IEEE 1003.1-1990 part 1, aka ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990s, aka "IEEE Portable Operating System Interface	for  Computing	Environments",	as
	      elucidated in Donald Lewine's "POSIX Programmer's Guide" (O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1991, ISBN 0-937175-73-0.

       POSIX.1b
	      IEEE  Std  1003.1b-1993 (POSIX.1b standard) describing real-time facilities for portable operating systems, aka ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996,
	      as elucidated in "Programming for the real world - POSIX.4" by Bill O. Gallmeister (O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. ISBN 1-56592-074-0).

       SUS, SUSv2
	      Single Unix Specification.  (Developed by X/Open and The Open Group. See also http://www.UNIX-systems.org/version2/ .)

       4.3BSD/4.4BSD
	      The 4.3 and 4.4 distributions of Berkeley Unix.  4.4BSD was upward-compatible from 4.3.

       V7     Version 7, the ancestral Unix from Bell Labs.

FILES

       /usr/include/linux/unistd.h

SEE ALSO

       errno(3)

Linux 1.2.13							    1996-05-22								  INTRO(2)