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Possible.

You could use match for the required regexp and then get the required substring by substr using values of RSTART and RLENGTH and invoke gensub on this substring.

Please post a sample...

Try:
sort -k1,1rn -k2r

You should combine -n and -r into single sort: cat substitutionFeats.txt | gawk '{$0=gensub(/\t/,"blabla",1);print}' | gawk '{print length, $0}' | sort -rn

You need to group your "word" definition, and allow it to repeat. ( regex )*. I changed it to match spaces at the beginning instead of the end to simplify phrases that may be at the end of line..
...

it's Perl not pearl
lol
Détente can be done too but i'm lazy for that

Correct that only works with space separation, but at that point it wasn't clear that you were going to transform French ;)

If you want to go on with awk:
awk 'NR==FNR{a=substr($0,1,1);b[FNR]=match(a,/[A-Z]/) ? 1 : 0;next}
{c=substr($0,1,1);c=b[FNR] ? toupper(c):tolower(c);print c""substr($0,2)}' gauche.txt...

Or pipe find into a while loop:

find. <whatyouneedtofind> | while read file ; do
<whatyouneedtodowith> "$file"
done