10-05-2012
I can't think of anything else like Ubuntu. It's not even like most Linux.
The rest of those questions are too vague to give useful answers to unfortunately.
How the many, many different kinds of UNIX and Linux are alike is the environment they provide to application programmers. The Bourne shell and a clutter of standard utilities to use with it. The open() close() socket() system calls. Standard input and output streams for processes. Device files under /dev/. The standard C library. Filesystems with a root at / and other partitions mounted wherever appropriate instead of drive letters, etc, etc, etc.
How you manage these systems, though, can be very different.
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LEARN ABOUT DEBIAN
testdisk
TESTDISK(8) Administration Tools TESTDISK(8)
NAME
testdisk - Scan and repair disk partitions
SYNOPSIS
testdisk [/log] [/debug] [/dump] [device|image.dd|image.e01]
testdisk /version
testdisk /list [/log]
DESCRIPTION
TestDisk checks and recovers lost partitions
It works with :
- BeFS (BeOS)
- BSD disklabel (FreeBSD/OpenBSD/NetBSD)
- CramFS, Compressed File System
- DOS/Windows FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32
- HFS and HFS+, Hierarchical File System
- JFS, IBM's Journaled File System
- Linux ext2/ext3/ext4
- Linux Raid
RAID 1: mirroring
RAID 4: striped array with parity device
RAID 5: striped array with distributed parity information
RAID 6: striped array with distributed dual redundancy information
- Linux Swap (versions 1 and 2)
- LVM and LVM2, Linux Logical Volume Manager
- Mac partition map
- Novell Storage Services NSS
- NTFS (Windows NT/2K/XP/2003/Vista/...)
- ReiserFS 3.5, 3.6 and 4
- Sun Solaris i386 disklabel
- Unix File System UFS and UFS2 (Sun/BSD/...)
- XFS, SGI's Journaled File System
It can undelete files from
- DOS/Windows FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32
- Linux ext2
- NTFS (Windows NT/2K/XP/2003/Vista/...)
OPTIONS
/log create a testdisk.log file
/debug add debug information
/dump dump raw sectors
/list display current partitions
SEE ALSO
fdisk(8), photorec(8).
AUTHOR
TestDisk 6.13, Data Recovery Utility, November 2011
Christophe GRENIER <grenier@cgsecurity.org>
http://www.cgsecurity.org
2011 November TESTDISK(8)