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Top Forums UNIX for Beginners Questions & Answers Answers to Frequently Asked Questions Tips and Tutorials The Whole Story on #! /usr/bin/ksh Post 302112878 by Perderabo on Saturday 31st of March 2007 09:14:34 PM
Old 03-31-2007
Part 2 -- The Details

The Format of the #! Line

We can say for certain that the first 2 characters must be "#!". Or can we? Many systems, it seems, are willing to delete leading white space. My recommendation is to start with #!. It's traditional.

Next there may be an optional space. Some documentation says this space is required but as far as anyone can determine the only Unix release to require the space was a snapshot release of BSD 4.1... this was not a general release). Actually, it appears that you may have several spaces if you want. And some testing with TAB characters has been done and seems to work. My recommendation is to stay with zero or one spaces.

Next comes the full path to the interpreter and like all full paths, it must start with a /. Oops, another exception... The Linux kernel (at least version 2.0.34) is willing to accept a relative path. My recommendation is don't do that.

We may be done. Or we may have optional white space which lead to our single argument. Except that some versions of FreeBSD handle multiple arguments.

Most versions of BSD and HP-UX will strip trailing white space. Other versions of Unix treat trailing white space as valid characters. And a few versions of BSD can accept a trailing comment delimited by a # character.

How long can the line be? A few versions of Unix set the limit as low as 32 characters. FreeBSD can apparently handle 8192 characters.

At least the line always ends with the Unix standard \n character, right? Well, not always. Some versions of Unix will tolerate a \r\n ending and strip off the \r while others won't do that.

This is not as standard as it could be...

Argument 0 of The Process, Not The Script

There is another way that implementations may differ. Consider the perl script that I ran ar the end of part 1. My shell did the approximate equivalent of
execl("./perlargs", "./perlargs", "one", "two", "three", (char *) NULL)
and the kernel transformed it into the approximate equivalent of
execl("/usr/local/bin/perl", "/usr/local/bin/perl", "-w", "./perlargs", "one", "two", "three", (char *) NULL)

Highlighted in red is argument zero which by convention is the same as the path of the program being executed. A notable execution is that the login program will set it to stuff like "-ksh". Originally, executable shell scripts had the argument 0 set to the name of the script rather than the name of the interpreter. These days, the name of the interpreter is common. The last hold-out I know of is HP-UX which sets argument 0 to the name of the script.
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tclsh(1)							 Tcl Applications							  tclsh(1)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

NAME
tclsh - Simple shell containing Tcl interpreter SYNOPSIS
tclsh ?fileName arg arg ...? _________________________________________________________________ DESCRIPTION
Tclsh is a shell-like application that reads Tcl commands from its standard input or from a file and evaluates them. If invoked with no arguments then it runs interactively, reading Tcl commands from standard input and printing command results and error messages to standard output. It runs until the exit command is invoked or until it reaches end-of-file on its standard input. If there exists a file .tclshrc (or tclshrc.tcl on the Windows platforms) in the home directory of the user, tclsh evaluates the file as a Tcl script just before reading the first command from standard input. SCRIPT FILES
If tclsh is invoked with arguments then the first argument is the name of a script file and any additional arguments are made available to the script as variables (see below). Instead of reading commands from standard input tclsh will read Tcl commands from the named file; tclsh will exit when it reaches the end of the file. The end of the file may be marked either by the physical end of the medium, or by the | character, '32' ('u001a', control-Z). If this character is present in the file, the tclsh application will read text up to but not | including the character. An application that requires this character in the file may safely encode it as ``32'', ``x1a'', or | ``u001a''; or may generate it by use of commands such as format or binary. There is no automatic evaluation of .tclshrc when the name of a script file is presented on the tclsh command line, but the script file can always source it if desired. If you create a Tcl script in a file whose first line is #!/usr/local/bin/tclsh then you can invoke the script file directly from your shell if you mark the file as executable. This assumes that tclsh has been installed in the default location in /usr/local/bin; if it's installed somewhere else then you'll have to modify the above line to match. Many UNIX systems do not allow the #! line to exceed about 30 characters in length, so be sure that the tclsh executable can be accessed with a short file name. An even better approach is to start your script files with the following three lines: #!/bin/sh # the next line restarts using tclsh exec tclsh "$0" "$@" This approach has three advantages over the approach in the previous paragraph. First, the location of the tclsh binary doesn't have to be hard-wired into the script: it can be anywhere in your shell search path. Second, it gets around the 30-character file name limit in the previous approach. Third, this approach will work even if tclsh is itself a shell script (this is done on some systems in order to handle multiple architectures or operating systems: the tclsh script selects one of several binaries to run). The three lines cause both sh and tclsh to process the script, but the exec is only executed by sh. sh processes the script first; it treats the second line as a comment and executes the third line. The exec statement cause the shell to stop processing and instead to start up tclsh to reprocess the entire script. When tclsh starts up, it treats all three lines as comments, since the backslash at the end of the second line causes the third line to be treated as part of the comment on the second line. You should note that it is also common practise to install tclsh with its version number as part of the name. This has the advantage of | allowing multiple versions of Tcl to exist on the same system at once, but also the disadvantage of making it harder to write scripts that | start up uniformly across different versions of Tcl. VARIABLES
Tclsh sets the following Tcl variables: argc Contains a count of the number of arg arguments (0 if none), not including the name of the script file. argv Contains a Tcl list whose elements are the arg arguments, in order, or an empty string if there are no arg arguments. argv0 Contains fileName if it was specified. Otherwise, contains the name by which tclsh was invoked. tcl_interactive Contains 1 if tclsh is running interactively (no fileName was specified and standard input is a terminal-like device), 0 otherwise. PROMPTS
When tclsh is invoked interactively it normally prompts for each command with ``% ''. You can change the prompt by setting the variables tcl_prompt1 and tcl_prompt2. If variable tcl_prompt1 exists then it must consist of a Tcl script to output a prompt; instead of out- putting a prompt tclsh will evaluate the script in tcl_prompt1. The variable tcl_prompt2 is used in a similar way when a newline is typed but the current command isn't yet complete; if tcl_prompt2 isn't set then no prompt is output for incomplete commands. STANDARD CHANNELS
See Tcl_StandardChannels for more explanations. SEE ALSO
fconfigure(n), tclvars(n) KEYWORDS
argument, interpreter, prompt, script file, shell Tcl tclsh(1)
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