Reflective silicon binary diffraction grating for visible wavelengths
HPL-2011-15 Reflective silicon binary diffraction grating for visible wavelengths - Peng, Zhen; Fattal, David A.; Faraon, Andrei; Fiorentino, Marco; Li, Jingjing; Beausoleil, Raymond G. Keyword(s): Photonic interconnect Abstract: We introduce a new device based on sub-wavelength resonant grating technology. Using a single lithography step we built a reflective binary grating that mimics the functionality of a blazed diffraction grating in a flat geometry. We have also demonstrated that efficient sub-wavelength resonant devic ... Full Report
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It doesnt show A and B groups and shows it as other.Please advice on how... (13 Replies)
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See the picture:
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I checked the GD library in php. It seems ok...
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the tags do not appear in... (1 Reply)
GRDFFT(l) GRDFFT(l)
NAME
grdfft - Perform mathematical operations on grdfiles in the frequency domain
SYNOPSIS
grdfft in_grdfile -Gout_grdfile [ -Aazimuth ] [ -Czlevel ] [ -D[scale|g] ] [ -E[x|y][w] ] [ -F[x|y]lc/lp/hp/hc ] [ -I[scale|g] ] [ -L ] [
-M ] [ -Nstuff ] [ -Sscale ] [ -Tte/rl/rm/rw/ri ] [ -V ]
DESCRIPTION
grdfft will take the 2-D forward Fast Fourier Transform and perform one or more mathematical operations in the frequency domain before
transforming back to the space domain. An option is provided to scale the data before writing the new values to an output file. The hori-
zontal dimensions of the grdfiles are assumed to be in meters. Geographical grids may be used by specifying the -M option that scales
degrees to meters. If you have grdfiles with dimensions in km, you could change this to meters using grdedit or scale the output with grd-
math.
No space between the option flag and the associated arguments. Use upper case for the option flags and lower case for modifiers.
in_grdfile
2-D binary grd file to be operated on.
-G Specify the name of the output grd file.
OPTIONS -A Take the directional derivative in the azimuth direction measured in degrees CW from north.
-C Upward (for zlevel > 0) or downward (for zlevel < 0) continue the field zlevel meters.
-D Differentiate the field, i.e., take d(field)/dz. This is equivalent to multiplying by kr in the frequency domain (kr is radial wave
number). Append a scale to multiply by (kr * scale) instead. Alternatively, append g to indicate that your data are geoid heights in
meters and output should be gravity anomalies in mGal. [Default is no scale].
-E Estimate power spectrum in the radial direction. Place x or y immediately after -E to compute the spectrum in the x or y direction
instead. No grdfile is created; f (i.e., frequency or wave number), power[f], and 1 standard deviation in power[f] are written to
stdout. Append w to write wavelength instead of frequency.
-F Filter the data. Place x or y immediately after -F to filter x or y direction only; default is isotropic. Specify four wavelengths
in correct units (see -M) to design a bandpass filter; wavelengths greater than lc or less than hc will be cut, wavelengths greater
than lp and less than hp will be passed, and wavelengths in between will be cosine-tapered. E.g., -F1000000/250000/50000/10000 -M
will bandpass, cutting wavelengths > 1000 km and < 10 km, passing wavelengths between 250 km and 50 km. To make a highpass or low-
pass filter, give hyphens (-) for hp/hc or lc/lp. E.g., -Fx-/-/50/10 will lowpass X, passing wavelengths > 50 and rejecting wave-
lengths < 10. -Fy1000/250/-/- will highpass Y, passing wavelengths < 250 and rejecting wavelengths > 1000.
-I Integrate the field, i.e., compute integral_over_z (field * dz). This is equivalent to divide by kr in the frequency domain (kr is
radial wave number). Append a scale to divide by (kr * scale) instead. Alternatively, append g to indicate that your data set is
gravity anomalies in mGal and output should be geoid heights in meters. [Default is no scale].
-L Leave trend alone. By default, a linear trend will be removed prior to the transform.
-M Map units. Choose this option if your grdfile is a geographical grid and you want to convert degrees into meters. If the data are
close to either pole, you should consider projecting the grdfile onto a rectangular coordinate system using grdproject.
-N Choose or inquire about suitable grid dimensions for FFT. -Nf will force the FFT to use the dimensions of the data. -Nq will
inQuire about more suitable dimensions. -Nnx/ny will do FFT on array size nx/ny (Must be >= grdfile size). Default chooses dimen-
sions >= data which optimize speed, accuracy of FFT. If FFT dimensions > grdfile dimensions, data are extended and tapered to zero.
-S Multiply each element by scale in the space domain (after the frequency domain operations). [Default is 1.0].
-T Compute the isostatic compensation from the topography load (input grdfile) on an elastic plate of thickness te. Also append densi-
ties for load, mantle, water, and infill in SI units. If te == 0 then the Airy response is returned. -T implicitly sets -L.
-V Selects verbose mode, which will send progress reports to stderr [Default runs "silently"].
EXAMPLES
To upward continue the sea-level magnetic anomalies in the file mag_0.grd to a level 800 m above sealevel, try
grdfft mag_0.grd -C800 -V -Gmag_800.grd
To transform geoid heights in m (geoid.grd) on a geographical grid to free-air gravity anomalies in mGal, do
grdfft geoid.grd -Dg -M -V -Ggrav.grd
To transform gravity anomalies in mGal (faa.grd) to deflections of the vertical (in micro-radians) in the 038 direction, we must first
integrate gravity to get geoid, then take the directional derivative, and finally scale radians to micro-radians:
grdfft faa.grd -Ig -A38 -S1e6 -V -Gdefl_38.grd
Second vertical derivatives of gravity anomalies are related to the curvature of the field. We can compute these as mGal/m^2 by differenti-
ating twice:
grdfft gravity.grd -D -D -V -Ggrav_2nd_derivative.grd
The first order gravity anomaly (in mGal) due to the compensating surface caused by the topography load topo.grd (in m) on a 20 km thick
elastic plate, assumed to be 4 km beneath the observation level can be computed as
grdfft topo.grd -T20000/2800/3330/1030/2300 -S0.022 -C4000 -Gcomp_faa.grd
where 0.022 is the scale needed for the first term in Parker's expansion for ' computing gravity from topography (= 2 * PI * G * (rhom -
rhol)).
SEE ALSO gmt(1gmt), grdedit(1gmt), grdmath(1gmt), grdproject(1gmt)
1 Jan 2004 GRDFFT(l)
