MMV(1) General Commands Manual MMV(1)
NAME
mmv - move/copy/append/link multiple files by wildcard patterns
SYNOPSIS
mmv [-m|x|r|c|o|a|l|s] [-h] [-d|p] [-g|t] [-v|n] [--] [from to]
DESCRIPTION
Mmv moves (or copies, appends, or links, as specified) each source file matching a from pattern to the target name specified by the to pat-
tern. This multiple action is performed safely, i.e. without any unexpected deletion of files due to collisions of target names with
existing filenames or with other target names. Furthermore, before doing anything, mmv attempts to detect any errors that would result
from the entire set of actions specified and gives the user the choice of either proceeding by avoiding the offending parts or aborting.
mmv does support large files (LFS) but it does *NOT* support sparse files (i.e. it explodes them).
The Task Options
Whether mmv moves, copies, appends, or links is governed by the first set of options given above. If none of these are specified, the task
is given by the command name under which mmv was invoked (argv[0]):
command name default task
mmv -x
mcp -c
mad -a
mln -l
The task option choices are:
-m : move source file to target name. Both must be on the same device. Will not move directories. If the source file is a symbolic
link, moves the link without checking if the link's target from the new directory is different than the old.
-x : same as -m, except cross-device moves are done by copying, then deleting source. When copying, sets the permission bits and file
modification time of the target file to that of the source file.
-r : rename source file or directory to target name. The target name must not include a path: the file remains in the same directory in
all cases. This option is the only way of renaming directories under mmv.
-c : copy source file to target name. Sets the file modification time and permission bits of the target file to that of the source file,
regardless of whether the target file already exists. Chains and cycles (to be explained below) are not allowed.
-o : overwrite target name with source file. If target file exists, it is overwritten, keeping its original owner and permission bits.
If it does not exist, it is created, with read-write permission bits set according to umask(1), and the execute permission bits
copied from the source file. In either case, the file modification time is set to the current time.
-a : append contents of source file to target name. Target file modification time is set to the current time. If target file does not
exist, it is created with permission bits set as under -o. Unlike all other options, -a allows multiple source files to have the
same target name, e.g. "mmv -a *.c big" will append all ".c" files to "big". Chains and cycles are also allowed, so "mmv -a f f"
will double up "f".
-l : link target name to source file. Both must be on the same device, and the source must not be a directory. Chains and cycles are
not allowed.
-s : same as -l, but use symbolic links instead of hard links. For the resulting link to aim back at the source, either the source name
must begin with a '/', or the target must reside in either the current or the source directory. If none of these conditions are
met, the link is refused. However, source and target can reside on different devices, and the source can be a directory.
Only one of these option may be given, and it applies to all matching files. Remaining options need not be given separately, i.e. "mmv
-mk" is allowed.
Multiple Pattern Pairs
Multiple from -- to pattern pairs may be specified by omitting the pattern pair on the command line, and entering them on the standard
input, one pair per line. (If a pattern pair is given on the command line, the standard input is not read.) Thus,
mmv
a b
c d
would rename "a" to "b" and "c" to "d". If a file can be matched to several of the given from patterns, the to pattern of the first match-
ing pair is used. Thus,
mmv
a b
a c
would give the error message "a -> c : no match" because file "a" (even if it exists) was already matched by the first pattern pair.
The From Pattern
The from pattern is a filename with embedded wildcards: '*', '?', '['...']', and ';'. The first three have their usual sh(1) meanings of,
respectively, matching any string of characters, matching any single character, and matching any one of a set of characters.
Between the '[' and ']', a range from character 'a' through character 'z' is specified with "a-z". The set of matching characters can be
negated by inserting a '^' after the '['. Thus, "[^b-e2-5_]" will match any character but 'b' through 'e', '2' through '5', and '_'.
Note that paths are allowed in the patterns, and wildcards may be intermingled with slashes arbitrarily. The ';' wildcard is useful for
matching files at any depth in the directory tree. It matches the same as "*/" repeated any number of times, including zero, and can only
occur either at the beginning of the pattern or following a '/'. Thus ";*.c" will match all ".c" files in or below the current directory,
while "/;*.c" will match them anywhere on the file system.
In addition, if the from pattern (or the to pattern) begins with "~/", the '~' is replaced with the home directory name. (Note that the
"~user" feature of csh(1) is not implemented.) However, the '~' is not treated as a wildcard, in the sense that it is not assigned a wild-
card index (see below).
Since matching a directory under a task option other than -r or -s would result in an error, tasks other than -r and -s match directories
only against completely explicit from patterns (i.e. not containing wildcards). Under -r and -s, this applies only to "." and "..".
Files beginning with '.' are only matched against from patterns that begin with an explicit '.'. However, if -h is specified, they are
matched normally.
Warning: since the shell normally expands wildcards before passing the command-line arguments to mmv, it is usually necessary to enclose
the command-line from and to patterns in quotes.
The To Pattern
The to pattern is a filename with embedded wildcard indexes, where an index consists of the character '#' followed by a string of digits.
When a source file matches a from pattern, a target name for the file is constructed out of the to pattern by replacing the wildcard
indexes by the actual characters that matched the referenced wildcards in the source name. Thus, if the from pattern is "abc*.*" and the
to pattern is "xyz#2.#1", then "abc.txt" is targeted to "xyztxt.". (The first '*' matched "", and the second matched "txt".) Similarly,
for the pattern pair ";*.[clp]" -> "#1#3/#2", "foo1/foo2/prog.c" is targeted to "foo1/foo2/c/prog". Note that there is no '/' following
the "#1" in the to pattern, since the string matched by any ';' is always either empty or ends in a '/'. In this case, it matches
"foo1/foo2/".
To convert the string matched by a wildcard to either lowercase or uppercase before embedding it in the target name, insert 'l' or 'u',
respectively, between the '#' and the string of digits.
The to pattern, like the from pattern, can begin with a "~/" (see above). This does not necessitate enclosing the to pattern in quotes on
the command line since csh(1) expands the '~' in the exact same manner as mmv (or, in the case of sh(1), does not expand it at all).
For all task options other than -r, if the target name is a directory, the real target name is formed by appending a '/' followed by the
last component of the source file name. For example, "mmv dir1/a dir2" will, if "dir2" is indeed a directory, actually move "dir1/a" to
"dir2/a". However, if "dir2/a" already exists and is itself a directory, this is considered an error.
To strip any character (e.g. '*', '?', or '#') of its special meaning to mmv, as when the actual replacement name must contain the charac-
ter '#', precede the special character with a '' (and enclose the argument in quotes because of the shell). This also works to terminate
a wildcard index when it has to be followed by a digit in the filename, e.g. "a#11".
Chains and Cycles
A chain is a sequence of specified actions where the target name of one action refers to the source file of another action. For example,
mmv
a b
b c
specifies the chain "a" -> "b" -> "c". A cycle is a chain where the last target name refers back to the first source file, e.g. "mmv a a".
Mmv detects chains and cycles regardless of the order in which their constituent actions are actually given. Where allowed, i.e. in mov-
ing, renaming, and appending files, chains and cycles are handled gracefully, by performing them in the proper order. Cycles are broken by
first renaming one of the files to a temporary name (or just remembering its original size when doing appends).
Collisions and Deletions
When any two or more matching files would have to be moved, copied, or linked to the same target filename, mmv detects the condition as an
error before performing any actions. Furthermore, mmv checks if any of its actions will result in the destruction of existing files. If
the -d (delete) option is specified, all file deletions or overwrites are done silently. Under -p (protect), all deletions or overwrites
(except those specified with "(*)" on the standard input, see below) are treated as errors. And if neither option is specified, the user
is queried about each deletion or overwrite separately. (A new stream to "/dev/tty" is used for all interactive queries, not the standard
input.)
Error Handling
Whenever any error in the user's action specifications is detected, an error message is given on the standard output, and mmv proceeds to
check the rest of the specified actions. Once all errors are detected, mmv queries the user whether he wishes to continue by avoiding the
erroneous actions or to abort altogether. This and all other queries may be avoided by specifying either the -g (go) or -t (terminate)
option. The former will resolve all difficulties by avoiding the erroneous actions; the latter will abort mmv if any errors are detected.
Specifying either of them defaults mmv to -p, unless -d is specified (see above). Thus, -g and -t are most useful when running mmv in the
background or in a shell script, when interactive queries are undesirable.
Reports
Once the actions to be performed are determined, mmv performs them silently, unless either the -v (verbose) or -n (no-execute) option is
specified. The former causes mmv to report each performed action on the standard output as
a -> b : done.
Here, "a" and "b" would be replaced by the source and target names, respectively. If the action deletes the old target, a "(*)" is
inserted after the the target name. Also, the "->" symbol is modified when a cycle has to be broken: the '>' is changed to a '^' on the
action prior to which the old target is renamed to a temporary, and the '-' is changed to a '=' on the action where the temporary is used.
Under -n, none of the actions are performed, but messages like the above are printed on the standard output with the ": done." omitted.
The output generated by -n can (after editing, if desired) be fed back to mmv on the standard input (by omitting the from -- to pair on the
mmv command line). To facilitate this, mmv ignores lines on the standard input that look like its own error and "done" messages, as well
as all lines beginning with white space, and will accept pattern pairs with or without the intervening "->" (or "-^", "=>", or "=^").
Lines with "(*)" after the target pattern have the effect of enabling -d for the files matching this pattern only, so that such deletions
are done silently. When feeding mmv its own output, one must remember to specify again the task option (if any) originally used to gener-
ate it.
Although mmv attempts to predict all mishaps prior to performing any specified actions, accidents may happen. For example, mmv does not
check for adequate free space when copying. Thus, despite all efforts, it is still possible for an action to fail after some others have
already been done. To make recovery as easy as possible, mmv reports which actions have already been done and which are still to be per-
formed after such a failure occurs. It then aborts, not attempting to do anything else. Once the user has cleared up the problem, he can
feed this report back to mmv on the standard input to have it complete the task. (The user is queried for a file name to dump this report
if the standard output has not been redirected.)
EXIT STATUS
Mmv exits with status 1 if it aborts before doing anything, with status 2 if it aborts due to failure after completing some of the actions,
and with status 0 otherwise.
SEE ALSO
mv(1), cp(1), ln(1), umask(1)
AUTHOR
Vladimir Lanin
lanin@csd2.nyu.edu
BUGS
If the search pattern is not quoted, the shell expands the wildcards. Mmv then (usually) gives some error message, but can not determine
that the lack of quotes is the cause.
To avoid difficulties in semantics and error checking, mmv refuses to move or create directories.
November 20, 2001 (v1.0lfs) MMV(1)