CRASH(8) System Manager's Manual CRASH(8)
NAME
crash - Analyze Linux crash dump data or a live system
SYNOPSIS
crash [OPTION]... NAMELIST MEMORY-IMAGE (dumpfile form)
crash [OPTION]... [NAMELIST] (live system form)
DESCRIPTION
Crash is a tool for interactively analyzing the state of the Linux system while it is running, or after a kernel crash has occurred and a
core dump has been created by the netdump, diskdump, LKCD, kdump, xendump or kvmdump facilities. It is loosely based on the SVR4 UNIX
crash command, but has been significantly enhanced by completely merging it with the gdb(1) debugger. The marriage of the two effectively
combines the kernel-specific nature of the traditional UNIX crash utility with the source code level debugging capabilities of gdb(1).
In the dumpfile form, both a NAMELIST and a MEMORY-IMAGE argument must be entered. In the live system form, the NAMELIST argument must be
entered if the kernel's vmlinux file is not located in a known location, such as the /usr/lib/debug/lib/modules/<kernel-version> directory.
The crash utility has also been extended to support the analysis of dumpfiles generated by a crash of the Xen hypervisor. In that case,
the NAMELIST argument must be that of the xen-syms binary. Live system analysis is not supported for the Xen hypervisor.
The crash utility command set consists of common kernel core analysis tools such as kernel stack back traces of all processes, source code
disassembly, formatted kernel structure and variable displays, virtual memory data, dumps of linked-lists, etc., along with several com-
mands that delve deeper into specific kernel subsystems. Appropriate gdb commands may also be entered, which in turn are passed on to the
gdb module for execution. If desired, commands may be placed in either a $HOME/.crashrc file and/or in a .crashrc file in the current
directory. During initialization, the commands in $HOME/.crashrc are executed first, followed by those in the ./.crashrc file.
The crash utility is designed to be independent of Linux version dependencies. When new kernel source code impacts the correct functional-
ity of crash and its command set, the utility will be updated to recognize new kernel code changes, while maintaining backwards compatibil-
ity with earlier releases.
OPTIONS
NAMELIST
This is a pathname to an uncompressed kernel image (a vmlinux file), or a Xen hypervisor image (a xen-syms file) which has been com-
piled with the "-g" option. If using the dumpfile form, a vmlinux file may be compressed in either gzip or bzip2 formats.
MEMORY-IMAGE
A kernel core dump file created by the netdump, diskdump, LKCD kdump, xendump or kvmdump facilities.
If a MEMORY-IMAGE argument is not entered, the session will be invoked on the live system, which typically requires root privileges
because of the device file used to access system RAM. By default, /dev/crash will be used if it exists. If it does not exist, then
/dev/mem will be used; but if the kernel has been configured with CONFIG_STRICT_DEVMEM, then /proc/kcore will be used. It is per-
missible to explicitly enter /dev/crash, /dev/mem or /proc/kcore.
mapfile
If the NAMELIST file is not the same kernel that is running (live system form), or the kernel that was running when the system
crashed (dumpfile form), then the System.map file of the original kernel should be entered on the command line.
-h [option]
--help [option]
Without an option argument, display a crash usage help message. If the option argument is a crash command name, the help page for
that command is displayed. If it is the string "input", a page describing the various crash command line input options is dis-
played. If it is the string "output", a page describing command line output options is displayed. If it is the string "all", then
all of the possible help messages are displayed. After the help message is displayed, crash exits.
-s Proceed directly to the "crash>" prompt without displaying any version, GPL, or crash initialization data during startup.
-i file
Execute the command(s) contained in file prior to displaying the "crash>" prompt for interactive user input.
-d num Set the internal debug level. The higher the number, the more debugging data will be printed when crash initializes and runs.
-S Use /boot/System.map as the mapfile.
-e vi | emacs
Set the readline(3) command line editing mode to "vi" or "emacs". The default editing mode is "vi".
-f Force the usage of a compressed vmlinux file if its original name does not start with "vmlinux".
-k Indicate that the NAMELIST file is an LKCD "Kerntypes" debuginfo file.
-t Display the system-crash timestamp and exit.
-L Attempt to lock all of its virtual address space into memory by calling mlockall(MCL_CURRENT|MCL_FUTURE) during initialization. If
the system call fails, an error message will be displayed, but the session continues.
-c tty-device
Open the tty-device as the console used for debug messages.
-p page-size
If a processor's page size cannot be determined by the dumpfile, and the processor default cannot be used, use page-size.
-m option=value
--machdep option=value
Pass an option and value pair to machine-dependent code. These architecture-specific option/pairs should only be required in very
rare circumstances:
X86_64:
physbase=<physical-address>
irq_eframe_link=<value>
max_physmem_bits=<value>
vm=orig (pre-2.6.11 virtual memory address ranges)
vm=2.6.11 (2.6.11 and later virtual memory address ranges)
vm=xen (Xen kernel virtual memory address ranges)
vm=xen-rhel4 (RHEL4 Xen kernel virtual address ranges)
PPC64:
vm=orig
vm=2.6.14 (4-level page tables)
IA64:
phys_start=<physical-address>
init_stack_size=<size>
vm=4l (4-level page tables)
ARM:
physbase=<physical-address>
-x Automatically load extension modules from a particular directory. If a directory is specified in the CRASH_EXTENSIONS shell envi-
ronment variable, then that directory will be used. Otherwise /usr/lib64/crash/extensions (64-bit architectures) or
/usr/lib/crash/extensions (32-bit architectures) will be used; if they do not exist, then the ./extensions directory will be used.
--memory_module modname
Use the modname as an alternative kernel module to the crash.ko module that creates the /dev/crash device.
--memory_device device
Use device as an alternative device to the /dev/crash, /dev/mem or /proc/kcore devices.
--no_kallsyms
Do not use kallsyms-generated symbol information contained within kernel module object files.
--no_modules
Do not access or display any kernel module related information.
--no_ikconf
Do not attempt to read configuration data that was built into kernels configured with CONFIG_IKCONFIG.
--no_data_debug
Do not verify the validity of all structure member offsets and structure sizes that it uses.
--no_kmem_cache
Do not initialize the kernel's slab cache infrastructure, and commands that use kmem_cache-related data will not work.
--no_elf_notes
Do not use the registers from the ELF NT_PRSTATUS notes saved in a compressed kdump header for backtraces.
--kmem_cache_delay
Delay the initialization of the kernel's slab cache infrastructure until it is required by a run-time command.
--readnow
Pass this flag to the embedded gdb module, which will override its two-stage strategy that it uses for reading symbol tables from
the NAMELIST.
--smp Specify that the system being analyzed is an SMP kernel.
-v
--version
Display the version of the crash utility, the version of the embedded gdb module, GPL information, and copyright notices.
--cpus number
Specify the number of cpus in the SMP system being analyzed.
--osrelease dumpfile
Display the OSRELEASE vmcoreinfo string from a kdump dumpfile header.
--hyper
Force the session to be that of a Xen hypervisor.
--p2m_mfn pfn
When a Xen Hypervisor or its dom0 kernel crashes, the dumpfile is typically analyzed with either the Xen hypervisor or the dom0 ker-
nel. It is also possible to analyze any of the guest domU kernels if the pfn_to_mfn_list_list pfn value of the guest kernel is
passed on the command line along with its NAMELIST and the dumpfile.
--xen_phys_start physical-address
Supply the base physical address of the Xen hypervisor's text and static data for older xendump dumpfiles that did not pass that
information in the dumpfile header.
--zero_excluded
If a kdump dumpfile has been filtered to exclude various types of non-essential pages, any attempt to read them will fail. With
this flag, reads from any of those pages will return zero-filled memory.
--no_panic
Do not attempt to find the task that was running when the kernel crashed. Set the initial context to that of the "swapper" task on
cpu 0.
--more Use /bin/more as the command output scroller, overriding the default of /usr/bin/less and any settings in either ./.crashrc or
$HOME/.crashrc.
--less Use /usr/bin/less as the command output scroller, overriding any settings in either ./.crashrc or $HOME/.crashrc.
--CRASHPAGER
Use the output paging command defined in the CRASHPAGER shell environment variable, overriding any settings in either ./.crashrc or
$HOME/.crashrc.
--no_scroll
Do not pass run-time command output to any scrolling command.
--no_crashrc
Do not execute the commands in either $HOME/.crashrc or ./.crashrc.
--mod directory
When loading the debuginfo data of kernel modules with the mod -S command, search for their object files in directory instead of in
the standard location.
--reloc size
When analyzing live x86 kernels that were configured with a CONFIG_PHYSICAL_START value that is larger than its CONFIG_PHYSI-
CAL_ALIGN value, then it will be necessary to enter a relocation size equal to the difference between the two values.
--minimal
Bring up a session that is restricted to the log, dis, rd, sym, eval, set and exit commands. This option may provide a way to
extract some minimal/quick information from a corrupted or truncated dumpfile, or in situations where one of the several kernel sub-
system initialization routines would abort the crash session.
--kvmhost [32|64]
When examining an x86 KVM guest dumpfile, this option specifies that the KVM host that created the dumpfile was an x86 (32-bit) or
an x86_64 (64-bit) machine, overriding the automatically determined value.
--kvmio <size>
override the automatically-calculated KVM guest I/O hole size.
COMMANDS
Each crash command generally falls into one of the following categories:
Symbolic display
Displays of kernel text/data, which take full advantage of the power of gdb to format and display data structures symbolically.
System state
The majority of crash commands consist of a set of "kernel-aware" commands, which delve into various kernel subsystems on a system-
wide or per-task basis.
Utility functions
A set of useful helper commands serving various purposes, some simple, others quite powerful.
Session control
Commands that control the crash session itself.
The following alphabetical list consists of a very simple overview of each crash command. However, since individual commands often have
several options resulting in significantly different output, it is suggested that the full description of each command be viewed by execut-
ing crash -h <command>, or during a crash session by simply entering help command.
* "pointer to" is shorthand for either the struct or union commands. It displays the contents of a kernel structure or union.
alias creates a single-word alias for a command.
ascii displays an ascii chart or translates a numeric value into its ascii components.
bt displays a task's kernel-stack backtrace. If it is given the -a option, it displays the stack traces of the active tasks on all
CPUs. It is often used with the foreach command to display the backtraces of all tasks with one command.
btop translates a byte value (physical offset) to its page number.
dev displays data concerning the character and block device assignments, I/O port usage, I/O memory usage, and PCI device data.
dis disassembles memory, either entire kernel functions, from a location for a specified number of instructions, or from the start of a
function up to a specified memory location.
eval evaluates an expression or numeric type and displays the result in hexadecimal, decimal, octal and binary.
exit causes crash to exit.
extend dynamically loads or unloads crash shared object extension modules.
files displays information about open files in a context.
foreach
repeats a specified command for the specified (or all) tasks in the system.
fuser displays the tasks using the specified file or socket.
gdb passes its argument to the embedded gdb module. It is useful for executing gdb commands that have the same name as crash commands.
help alone displays the command menu; if followed by a command name, a full description of a command, its options, and examples are dis-
played. Its output is far more complete and useful than this man page.
irq displays data concerning interrupt request numbers and bottom-half interrupt handling.
kmem displays information about the use of kernel memory.
list displays the contents of a linked list.
log displays the kernel log_buf contents in chronological order.
mach displays data specific to the machine type.
mod displays information about the currently installed kernel modules, or adds or deletes symbolic or debugging information about speci-
fied kernel modules.
mount displays information about the currently-mounted filesystems.
net display various network related data.
p passes its arguments to the gdb "print" command for evaluation and display.
ps displays process status for specified, or all, processes in the system.
pte translates the hexadecimal contents of a PTE into its physical page address and page bit settings.
ptob translates a page frame number to its byte value.
ptov translates a hexadecimal physical address into a kernel virtual address.
q is an alias for the "exit" command.
rd displays the contents of memory, with the output formatted in several different manners.
repeat repeats a command indefinitely, optionally delaying a given number of seconds between each command execution.
runq displays the tasks on the run queue.
search searches a range of user or kernel memory space for given value.
set either sets a new context, or gets the current context for display.
sig displays signal-handling data of one or more tasks.
struct displays either a structure definition or the contents of a kernel structure at a specified address.
swap displays information about each configured swap device.
sym translates a symbol to its virtual address, or a static kernel virtual address to its symbol -- or to a symbol-plus-offset value, if
appropriate.
sys displays system-specific data.
task displays the contents of a task_struct.
timer displays the timer queue entries, both old- and new-style, in chronological order.
union is similar to the struct command, except that it works on kernel unions.
vm displays basic virtual memory information of a context.
vtop translates a user or kernel virtual address to its physical address.
waitq walks the wait queue list displaying the tasks which are blocked on the specified wait queue.
whatis displays the definition of structures, unions, typedefs or text/data symbols.
wr modifies the contents of memory on a live system. It can only be used if /dev/mem is the device file being used to access system
RAM, and should obviously be used with great care.
When crash is invoked with a Xen hypervisor binary as the NAMELIST, the command set is slightly modified. The *, alias, ascii, bt, dis,
eval, exit, extend, gdb, help, list, log, p, pte, rd, repeat, search, set, struct, sym, sys, union, whatis, wr and q commands are the same
as above. The following commands are specific to the Xen hypervisor:
domain displays the contents of the domain structure for selected, or all, domains.
doms displays domain status for selected, or all, domains.
dumpinfo
displays Xen dump information for selected, or all, cpus.
pcpus displays physical cpu information for selected, or all, cpus.
vcpus displays vcpu status for selected, or all, vcpus.
FILES
.crashrc
Initialization commands. The file can be located in the user's HOME directory and/or the current directory. Commands found in the
.crashrc file in the HOME directory are executed before those in the current directory's .crashrc file.
ENVIRONMENT
EDITOR Command input is read using readline(3). If EDITOR is set to emacs or vi then suitable keybindings are used. If EDITOR is not set,
then vi is used. This can be overridden by set vi or set emacs commands located in a .crashrc file, or by entering -e emacs on the
crash command line.
CRASHPAGER
If CRASHPAGER is set, its value is used as the name of the program to which command output will be sent. If not, then command out-
put is sent to /usr/bin/less -E -X by default.
CRASH_MODULE_PATH
Specifies an alternative directory tree to search for kernel module object files.
CRASH_EXTENSIONS
Specifies a directory containing extension modules that will be loaded automatically if the -x command line option is used.
NOTES
If crash does not work, look for a newer version: kernel evolution frequently makes crash updates necessary.
The command set scroll off will cause output to be sent directly to the terminal rather than through a paging program. This is useful, for
example, if you are running crash in a window of emacs.
AUTHOR
Dave Anderson <anderson@redhat.com> wrote crash.
Jay Fenlason <fenlason@redhat.com> and Dave Anderson <anderson@redhat.com> wrote this man page.
SEE ALSO
The help command within crash provides more complete and accurate documentation than this man page.
http://people.redhat.com/anderson - the home page of the crash utility.
netdump(8), gdb(1)
CRASH(8)