TIMER_CREATE(3P) POSIX Programmer's Manual TIMER_CREATE(3P)
PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the correspond-
ing Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
NAME
timer_create - create a per-process timer (REALTIME)
SYNOPSIS
#include <signal.h>
#include <time.h>
int timer_create(clockid_t clockid, struct sigevent *restrict evp,
timer_t *restrict timerid);
DESCRIPTION
The timer_create() function shall create a per-process timer using the specified clock, clock_id, as the timing base. The timer_create()
function shall return, in the location referenced by timerid, a timer ID of type timer_t used to identify the timer in timer requests. This
timer ID shall be unique within the calling process until the timer is deleted. The particular clock, clock_id, is defined in <time.h>.
The timer whose ID is returned shall be in a disarmed state upon return from timer_create().
The evp argument, if non-NULL, points to a sigevent structure. This structure, allocated by the application, defines the asynchronous
notification to occur as specified in Signal Generation and Delivery when the timer expires. If the evp argument is NULL, the effect is as
if the evp argument pointed to a sigevent structure with the sigev_notify member having the value SIGEV_SIGNAL, the sigev_signo having a
default signal number, and the sigev_value member having the value of the timer ID.
Each implementation shall define a set of clocks that can be used as timing bases for per-process timers. All implementations shall support
a clock_id of CLOCK_REALTIME. If the Monotonic Clock option is supported, implementations shall support a clock_id of CLOCK_MONOTONIC.
Per-process timers shall not be inherited by a child process across a fork() and shall be disarmed and deleted by an exec.
If _POSIX_CPUTIME is defined, implementations shall support clock_id values representing the CPU-time clock of the calling process.
If _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME is defined, implementations shall support clock_id values representing the CPU-time clock of the calling thread.
It is implementation-defined whether a timer_create() function will succeed if the value defined by clock_id corresponds to the CPU-time
clock of a process or thread different from the process or thread invoking the function.
RETURN VALUE
If the call succeeds, timer_create() shall return zero and update the location referenced by timerid to a timer_t, which can be passed to
the per-process timer calls. If an error occurs, the function shall return a value of -1 and set errno to indicate the error. The value of
timerid is undefined if an error occurs.
ERRORS
The timer_create() function shall fail if:
EAGAIN The system lacks sufficient signal queuing resources to honor the request.
EAGAIN The calling process has already created all of the timers it is allowed by this implementation.
EINVAL The specified clock ID is not defined.
ENOTSUP
The implementation does not support the creation of a timer attached to the CPU-time clock that is specified by clock_id and associ-
ated with a process or thread different from the process or thread invoking timer_create().
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
None.
APPLICATION USAGE
None.
RATIONALE
Periodic Timer Overrun and Resource Allocation
The specified timer facilities may deliver realtime signals (that is, queued signals) on implementations that support this option. Since
realtime applications cannot afford to lose notifications of asynchronous events, like timer expirations or asynchronous I/O completions,
it must be possible to ensure that sufficient resources exist to deliver the signal when the event occurs. In general, this is not a diffi-
culty because there is a one-to-one correspondence between a request and a subsequent signal generation. If the request cannot allocate the
signal delivery resources, it can fail the call with an [EAGAIN] error.
Periodic timers are a special case. A single request can generate an unspecified number of signals. This is not a problem if the requesting
process can service the signals as fast as they are generated, thus making the signal delivery resources available for delivery of subse-
quent periodic timer expiration signals. But, in general, this cannot be assured-processing of periodic timer signals may "overrun''; that
is, subsequent periodic timer expirations may occur before the currently pending signal has been delivered.
Also, for signals, according to the POSIX.1-1990 standard, if subsequent occurrences of a pending signal are generated, it is implementa-
tion-defined whether a signal is delivered for each occurrence. This is not adequate for some realtime applications. So a mechanism is
required to allow applications to detect how many timer expirations were delayed without requiring an indefinite amount of system resources
to store the delayed expirations.
The specified facilities provide for an overrun count. The overrun count is defined as the number of extra timer expirations that occurred
between the time a timer expiration signal is generated and the time the signal is delivered. The signal-catching function, if it is con-
cerned with overruns, can retrieve this count on entry. With this method, a periodic timer only needs one "signal queuing resource" that
can be allocated at the time of the timer_create() function call.
A function is defined to retrieve the overrun count so that an application need not allocate static storage to contain the count, and an
implementation need not update this storage asynchronously on timer expirations. But, for some high-frequency periodic applications, the
overhead of an additional system call on each timer expiration may be prohibitive. The functions, as defined, permit an implementation to
maintain the overrun count in user space, associated with the timerid. The timer_getoverrun() function can then be implemented as a macro
that uses the timerid argument (which may just be a pointer to a user space structure containing the counter) to locate the overrun count
with no system call overhead. Other implementations, less concerned with this class of applications, can avoid the asynchronous update of
user space by maintaining the count in a system structure at the cost of the extra system call to obtain it.
Timer Expiration Signal Parameters
The Realtime Signals Extension option supports an application-specific datum that is delivered to the extended signal handler. This value
is explicitly specified by the application, along with the signal number to be delivered, in a sigevent structure. The type of the applica-
tion-defined value can be either an integer constant or a pointer. This explicit specification of the value, as opposed to always sending
the timer ID, was selected based on existing practice.
It is common practice for realtime applications (on non-POSIX systems or realtime extended POSIX systems) to use the parameters of event
handlers as the case label of a switch statement or as a pointer to an application-defined data structure. Since timer_ids are dynamically
allocated by the timer_create() function, they can be used for neither of these functions without additional application overhead in the
signal handler; for example, to search an array of saved timer IDs to associate the ID with a constant or application data structure.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
clock_getres(), timer_delete(), timer_getoverrun(), the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <time.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technol-
ogy -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE
and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained
online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
IEEE
/The Open Group 2003 TIMER_CREATE(3P)