AS(1) General Commands Manual AS(1)NAME
as - assembler
SYNOPSIS
as [ - ] [ -o objfile ] file ...
DESCRIPTION
As assembles the concatenation of the named files. If the optional first argument - is used, all undefined symbols in the assembly are
treated as global.
The output of the assembly is left on the file objfile; if that is omitted, a.out is used. It is executable if no errors occurred during
the assembly, and if there were no unresolved external references.
FILES
/lib/as2 pass 2 of the assembler
/tmp/atm[1-3]? temporary
a.out object
SEE ALSO ld(1), nm(1), adb(1), a.out(5)
UNIX Assembler Manual by D. M. Ritchie
DIAGNOSTICS
When an input file cannot be read, its name followed by a question mark is typed and assembly ceases. When syntactic or semantic errors
occur, a single-character diagnostic is typed out together with the line number and the file name in which it occurred. Errors in pass 1
cause cancellation of pass 2. The possible errors are:
) Parentheses error
] Parentheses error
< String not terminated properly
* Indirection used illegally
. Illegal assignment to `.'
a Error in address
b Branch instruction is odd or too remote
e Error in expression
f Error in local (`f' or `b') type symbol
g Garbage (unknown) character
i End of file inside an if
m Multiply defined symbol as label
o Word quantity assembled at odd address
p `.' different in pass 1 and 2
r Relocation error
u Undefined symbol
x Syntax error
BUGS
Syntax errors can cause incorrect line numbers in following diagnostics.
PDP11 AS(1)
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as(1) General Commands Manual as(1)Name
as - RISC assembler
Syntax
as [ option ] ... file
Description
The assembler, as , produces RISC object code in RISC extended coff format (the default) and binary assembly language. The as assembler
does not run the loader. It accepts the argument file which is a symbolic assembly language source program. When assembled, it produces
an object file.
The assembler, as, always defines the C preprocessor macros mips, host_mips, unix and LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY to the C macro preprocessor. It
also defines SYSTYPE_BSD by default, but this changes if the -systype name option is specified (see the OPTIONS section).
Options
The following options are available with as. In addition, these options can be used with
-g0 Do not produce symbol table information for symbolic debugging. This is the default.
-g1 Produce additional symbol table information for accurate but limited symbolic debugging of partially optimized code.
-g or -g2 Produce additional symbol table information for full symbolic debugging and do not perform optimizations that limit full
symbolic debugging.
-g3 Produce additional symbol table information for full symbolic debugging for fully optimized code. This option makes the
debugger inaccurate.
-w Suppress warning messages.
-P Run only the C macro preprocessor and place the result in a file. If the source file has a suffix, change the suffix to .i.
If the source file does not have a suffix, an .i is added to the source file name. The .i file does not contain number
lines (#). This sets the -cpp option.
-E Run only the C macro preprocessor on the file and send the result to the standard output. This sets the -cpp option.
-o output Name the final output file output. If this option is used, the a.out file is not affected.
-Dname=def
-Dname Define the name to the C macro preprocessor, as if by #define. If definition is not given, the name is defined as 1.
-Uname Remove any initial definition of name.
-Idir Search for #include files whose names do not begin with slash (/) in the directory of the file argument, then in directories
specified in -I options, and finally in the standard directory (/usr/include).
-I Do not search for #include files in the standard directory (/usr/include).
-G num Specify the maximum size, in bytes, of a data item that is to be accessed from the global pointer. The num argument is
interpreted as a decimal number. If num is zero, data is not accessed from the global pointer. The default value for num
is 8 bytes.
-v Print the passes as they execute with their arguments, input files, and output files. Also prints resource usage in the C-
shell time format.
-V Print the version of the driver and the versions of all passes. This is performed with the command.
-cpp Run the C macro preprocessor on assembly source files before compiling. This is the default for
-nocpp Do not run the C macro preprocessor on assembly source files before compiling.
Either object file target byte ordering can be produced by as. The default target byte ordering matches the machine where the assembler is
running. The options -EB and -EL specify the target byte ordering (big-endian and little-endian, respectively). The assembler also
defines a C preprocessor macro for the target byte ordering. These C preprocessor macros are MIPSEB and MIPSEL for big-endian and little-
endian byte ordering respectively.
-EB Produce object files targeted for big-endian byte ordering. The C preprocessor macro MIPSEB is defined by the assembler.
-EL Produce object files targeted for little-endian byte ordering. The C preprocessor macro MIPSEL is defined by the assembler.
The following option can only be used with the as command:
-m Apply the M4 preprocessor to the source file before assembling it.
The following option is primarily used to provide UNIX compilation environments other than the native compilation environment.
-systype name Use the named compilation environment name. See for the compilation environments that are supported and their names. This
has the effect of changing the standard directory for #include files. The new items are located in their usual paths but
with /name prepended to their paths. Also a preprocessor macro of the form SYSTYPE_NAME (with name capitalized) is defined
in place of the default SYSTYPE_BSD.
The options described below primarily aid compiler development and are not generally used:
-Hc Halt compiling after the pass specified by the character c, producing an intermediate file for the next pass. The c can be
[ a ]. It selects the assembler pass in the same way as the -t option. If this option is used, the symbol table file pro-
duced and used by the passes is the last component of the source file with the suffix changed to .T, or a .T is added if the
source file has no suffix. This file is not removed.
-K Build and use intermediate file names with the last component of the source file's name replacing its suffix with the con-
ventional suffix for the type of file (for example, .G file for binary assembly language). If the source file has no suffix
the conventional suffix is added to the source file name. These intermediate files are never removed even when a pass
encounters a fatal error.
-Wc[c...],arg1[,arg2...]
Pass the argument[s] argi to the compiler pass[es] c[c..]. The c's are one of [ pab ]. The c's selects the compiler pass
in the same way as the -t option.
The options -t[hpab], -hpath, and -Bstring select a name to use for a particular pass. These arguments are processed from left to right so
their order is significant. When the -B option is encountered, the selection of names takes place using the last -h and -t options.
Therefore, the -B option is always required when using -h or -t. Sets of these options can be used to select any combination of names.
-t[hpab] Select the names. The names selected are those designated by the characters following the -t option according to the fol-
lowing table:
Name Character
include h (see note below)
cpp p
as0 a
as1 b
If the character h is in the -t argument then a directory is added to the list of directories to be used in searching for
#include files. This directory name has the form COMP_TARGET_ROOT/usr/includestring . This directory is to contain the
include files for the string release of the compiler. The standard directory is still searched.
-hpath Use path rather than the directory where the name is normally found.
-Bstring Append string to all names specified by the -t option. If -t option has not been processed before the -B, the -t option is
assumed to be ``hpab''. This list designates all names.
Invoking the assembler with a name of the form asstring has the same effect as using a -Bstring option on the command line.
If the environment variable COMP_HOST_ROOT is set, the value is used as the root directory for all pass names rather than the default slash
(/). If the environment variable COMP_TARGET_ROOT is set, the value is used as the root directory for the includes rather than the default
slash (/).
If the environment variable ROOTDIR is set, the value is used as the root directory for all names rather than the default /usr/. This also
affects the standard directory for #include files, /usr/include .
If the environment variable TMPDIR is set, the value is used as the directory to place any temporary files rather than the default /tmp/.
Other arguments are ignored.
Files
file.o object file
a.out assembler output
/tmp/ctm? temporary
/usr/lib/cpp C macro preprocessor
/usr/lib/as0 symbolic to binary assembly language translator
/usr/lib/as1 binary assembly language assembler and reorganizer
/usr/include standard directory for #include files
See Alsocc(1), as(1), what(1)
RISC as(1)