mkproto(8) [ultrix man page]
mkproto(8) Unsupported mkproto(8) Name mkproto - construct a prototype file system Syntax /etc/mkproto special proto Description The command is used to bootstrap a new file system. First a new file system is created using The command is then used to copy files from the old file system into the new file system according to the directions found in the prototype file proto. The prototype file contains tokens separated by spaces or new lines. The first tokens comprise the specification for the root directory. File specifications consist of tokens giving the mode, the user-id, the group id, and the initial contents of the file. The syntax of the contents field depends on the mode. The mode token for a file is a 6 character string. The first character specifies the type of the file. (The characters -bcd specify regu- lar, block special, character special and directory files respectively.) The second character of the type is either u or - to specify set- user-id mode or not. The third is g or - for the set-group-id mode. The rest of the mode is a three digit octal number giving the owner, group, and other read, write, execute permissions. See Two decimal number tokens come after the mode; they specify the user and group ID's of the owner of the file. If the file is a regular file, the next token is a pathname whence the contents and size are copied. If the file is a block or character special file, two decimal number tokens follow which give the major and minor device numbers. If the file is a directory, makes the entries . and .. and then reads a list of names and (recursively) file specifications for the entries in the directory. The scan is terminated with the token $. A sample prototype specification follows: d--777 3 1 usr d--777 3 1 sh ---755 3 1 /bin/sh ken d--755 6 1 $ b0 b--644 3 1 0 0 c0 c--644 3 1 0 0 $ $ Restrictions You can only run on virgin file systems. It should be possible to copy files into existent file systems. See Also dir(5), fs(5), fsck(8), newfs(8) mkproto(8)
Check Out this Related Man Page
LS(1) General Commands Manual LS(1) NAME
ls - list contents of directory SYNOPSIS
ls [ -ltasdrucifg ] name ... DESCRIPTION
For each directory argument, ls lists the contents of the directory; for each file argument, ls repeats its name and any other information requested. The output is sorted alphabetically by default. When no argument is given, the current directory is listed. When several arguments are given, the arguments are first sorted appropriately, but file arguments appear before directories and their contents. There are several options: -l List in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner, size in bytes, and time of last modification for each file. (See below.) If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain the major and minor device numbers. -t Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by name, as is normal. -a List all entries; usually `.' and `..' are suppressed. -s Give size in blocks, including indirect blocks, for each entry. -d If argument is a directory, list only its name, not its contents (mostly used with -l to get status on directory). -r Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic or oldest first as appropriate. -u Use time of last access instead of last modification for sorting (-t) or printing (-l). -c Use time of last modification to inode (mode, etc.) instead of last modification to file for sorting (-t) or printing (-l). -i Print i-number in first column of the report for each file listed. -f Force each argument to be interpreted as a directory and list the name found in each slot. This option turns off -l, -t, -s, and -r, and turns on -a; the order is the order in which entries appear in the directory. -g Give group ID instead of owner ID in long listing. The mode printed under the -l option contains 11 characters which are interpreted as follows: the first character is d if the entry is a directory; b if the entry is a block-type special file; c if the entry is a character-type special file; - if the entry is a plain file. The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three bits each. The first set refers to owner permissions; the next to permissions to others in the same user-group; and the last to all others. Within each set the three characters indicate permission respectively to read, to write, or to execute the file as a program. For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted to mean permission to search the directory for a specified file. The permissions are indicated as follows: r if the file is readable; w if the file is writable; x if the file is executable; - if the indicated permission is not granted. The group-execute permission character is given as s if the file has set-group-ID mode; likewise the user-execute permission character is given as s if the file has set-user-ID mode. The last character of the mode (normally `x' or `-') is t if the 1000 bit of the mode is on. See chmod(1) for the meaning of this mode. When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total count of blocks, including indirect blocks is printed. FILES
/etc/passwd to get user ID's for `ls -l'. /etc/group to get group ID's for `ls -g'. LS(1)