REGCOMP(3P) POSIX Programmer's Manual REGCOMP(3P)
PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the correspond-
ing Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
NAME
regcomp, regerror, regexec, regfree -- regular expression matching
SYNOPSIS
#include <regex.h>
int regcomp(regex_t *restrict preg, const char *restrict pattern,
int cflags);
size_t regerror(int errcode, const regex_t *restrict preg,
char *restrict errbuf, size_t errbuf_size);
int regexec(const regex_t *restrict preg, const char *restrict string,
size_t nmatch, regmatch_t pmatch[restrict], int eflags);
void regfree(regex_t *preg);
DESCRIPTION
These functions interpret basic and extended regular expressions as described in the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2008, Chapter 9,
Regular Expressions.
The regex_t structure is defined in <regex.h> and contains at least the following member:
+--------------+--------------+---------------------------+
|Member Type | Member Name | Description |
+--------------+--------------+---------------------------+
|size_t |re_nsub | Number of parenthesized |
| | | subexpressions. |
+--------------+--------------+---------------------------+
The regmatch_t structure is defined in <regex.h> and contains at least the following members:
+--------------+--------------+---------------------------+
|Member Type | Member Name | Description |
+--------------+--------------+---------------------------+
|regoff_t |rm_so | Byte offset from start of |
| | | string to start of sub- |
| | | string. |
|regoff_t |rm_eo | Byte offset from start of |
| | | string of the first char- |
| | | acter after the end of |
| | | substring. |
+--------------+--------------+---------------------------+
The regcomp() function shall compile the regular expression contained in the string pointed to by the pattern argument and place the
results in the structure pointed to by preg. The cflags argument is the bitwise-inclusive OR of zero or more of the following flags, which
are defined in the <regex.h> header:
REG_EXTENDED Use Extended Regular Expressions.
REG_ICASE Ignore case in match (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2008, Chapter 9, Regular Expressions).
REG_NOSUB Report only success/fail in regexec().
REG_NEWLINE Change the handling of <newline> characters, as described in the text.
The default regular expression type for pattern is a Basic Regular Expression. The application can specify Extended Regular Expressions
using the REG_EXTENDED cflags flag.
If the REG_NOSUB flag was not set in cflags, then regcomp() shall set re_nsub to the number of parenthesized subexpressions (delimited by
"()" in basic regular expressions or "()" in extended regular expressions) found in pattern.
The regexec() function compares the null-terminated string specified by string with the compiled regular expression preg initialized by a
previous call to regcomp(). If it finds a match, regexec() shall return 0; otherwise, it shall return non-zero indicating either no match
or an error. The eflags argument is the bitwise-inclusive OR of zero or more of the following flags, which are defined in the <regex.h>
header:
REG_NOTBOL The first character of the string pointed to by string is not the beginning of the line. Therefore, the <circumflex> charac-
ter ('^'), when taken as a special character, shall not match the beginning of string.
REG_NOTEOL The last character of the string pointed to by string is not the end of the line. Therefore, the <dollar-sign> ('$'), when
taken as a special character, shall not match the end of string.
If nmatch is 0 or REG_NOSUB was set in the cflags argument to regcomp(), then regexec() shall ignore the pmatch argument. Otherwise, the
application shall ensure that the pmatch argument points to an array with at least nmatch elements, and regexec() shall fill in the ele-
ments of that array with offsets of the substrings of string that correspond to the parenthesized subexpressions of pattern:
pmatch[i].rm_so shall be the byte offset of the beginning and pmatch[i].rm_eo shall be one greater than the byte offset of the end of sub-
string i. (Subexpression i begins at the ith matched open parenthesis, counting from 1.) Offsets in pmatch[0] identify the substring that
corresponds to the entire regular expression. Unused elements of pmatch up to pmatch[nmatch-1] shall be filled with -1. If there are more
than nmatch subexpressions in pattern (pattern itself counts as a subexpression), then regexec() shall still do the match, but shall record
only the first nmatch substrings.
When matching a basic or extended regular expression, any given parenthesized subexpression of pattern might participate in the match of
several different substrings of string, or it might not match any substring even though the pattern as a whole did match. The following
rules shall be used to determine which substrings to report in pmatch when matching regular expressions:
1. If subexpression i in a regular expression is not contained within another subexpression, and it participated in the match several
times, then the byte offsets in pmatch[i] shall delimit the last such match.
2. If subexpression i is not contained within another subexpression, and it did not participate in an otherwise successful match, the byte
offsets in pmatch[i] shall be -1. A subexpression does not participate in the match when:
'*' or "{}" appears immediately after the subexpression in a basic regular expression, or '*', '?', or "{}" appears immediately after
the subexpression in an extended regular expression, and the subexpression did not match (matched 0 times)
or:
'|' is used in an extended regular expression to select this subexpression or another, and the other subexpression matched.
3. If subexpression i is contained within another subexpression j, and i is not contained within any other subexpression that is contained
within j, and a match of subexpression j is reported in pmatch[j], then the match or non-match of subexpression i reported in pmatch[i]
shall be as described in 1. and 2. above, but within the substring reported in pmatch[j] rather than the whole string. The offsets in
pmatch[i] are still relative to the start of string.
4. If subexpression i is contained in subexpression j, and the byte offsets in pmatch[j] are -1, then the pointers in pmatch[i] shall also
be -1.
5. If subexpression i matched a zero-length string, then both byte offsets in pmatch[i] shall be the byte offset of the character or null
terminator immediately following the zero-length string.
If, when regexec() is called, the locale is different from when the regular expression was compiled, the result is undefined.
If REG_NEWLINE is not set in cflags, then a <newline> in pattern or string shall be treated as an ordinary character. If REG_NEWLINE is
set, then <newline> shall be treated as an ordinary character except as follows:
1. A <newline> in string shall not be matched by a <period> outside a bracket expression or by any form of a non-matching list (see the
Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2008, Chapter 9, Regular Expressions).
2. A <circumflex> ('^') in pattern, when used to specify expression anchoring (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2008, Section
9.3.8, BRE Expression Anchoring), shall match the zero-length string immediately after a <newline> in string, regardless of the setting
of REG_NOTBOL.
3. A <dollar-sign> ('$') in pattern, when used to specify expression anchoring, shall match the zero-length string immediately before a
<newline> in string, regardless of the setting of REG_NOTEOL.
The regfree() function frees any memory allocated by regcomp() associated with preg.
The following constants are defined as the minimum set of error return values, although other errors listed as implementation extensions in
<regex.h> are possible:
REG_BADBR Content of "{}" invalid: not a number, number too large, more than two numbers, first larger than second.
REG_BADPAT Invalid regular expression.
REG_BADRPT '?', '*', or '+' not preceded by valid regular expression.
REG_EBRACE "{}" imbalance.
REG_EBRACK "[]" imbalance.
REG_ECOLLATE Invalid collating element referenced.
REG_ECTYPE Invalid character class type referenced.
REG_EESCAPE Trailing <backslash> character in pattern.
REG_EPAREN "()" or "()" imbalance.
REG_ERANGE Invalid endpoint in range expression.
REG_ESPACE Out of memory.
REG_ESUBREG Number in "digit" invalid or in error.
REG_NOMATCH regexec() failed to match.
If more than one error occurs in processing a function call, any one of the possible constants may be returned, as the order of detection
is unspecified.
The regerror() function provides a mapping from error codes returned by regcomp() and regexec() to unspecified printable strings. It gener-
ates a string corresponding to the value of the errcode argument, which the application shall ensure is the last non-zero value returned by
regcomp() or regexec() with the given value of preg. If errcode is not such a value, the content of the generated string is unspecified.
If preg is a null pointer, but errcode is a value returned by a previous call to regexec() or regcomp(), the regerror() still generates an
error string corresponding to the value of errcode, but it might not be as detailed under some implementations.
If the errbuf_size argument is not 0, regerror() shall place the generated string into the buffer of size errbuf_size bytes pointed to by
errbuf. If the string (including the terminating null) cannot fit in the buffer, regerror() shall truncate the string and null-terminate
the result.
If errbuf_size is 0, regerror() shall ignore the errbuf argument, and return the size of the buffer needed to hold the generated string.
If the preg argument to regexec() or regfree() is not a compiled regular expression returned by regcomp(), the result is undefined. A preg
is no longer treated as a compiled regular expression after it is given to regfree().
RETURN VALUE
Upon successful completion, the regcomp() function shall return 0. Otherwise, it shall return an integer value indicating an error as
described in <regex.h>, and the content of preg is undefined. If a code is returned, the interpretation shall be as given in <regex.h>.
If regcomp() detects an invalid RE, it may return REG_BADPAT, or it may return one of the error codes that more precisely describes the
error.
Upon successful completion, the regexec() function shall return 0. Otherwise, it shall return REG_NOMATCH to indicate no match.
Upon successful completion, the regerror() function shall return the number of bytes needed to hold the entire generated string, including
the null termination. If the return value is greater than errbuf_size, the string returned in the buffer pointed to by errbuf has been
truncated.
The regfree() function shall not return a value.
ERRORS
No errors are defined.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
#include <regex.h>
/*
* Match string against the extended regular expression in
* pattern, treating errors as no match.
*
* Return 1 for match, 0 for no match.
*/
int
match(const char *string, char *pattern)
{
int status;
regex_t re;
if (regcomp(&re, pattern, REG_EXTENDED|REG_NOSUB) != 0) {
return(0); /* Report error. */
}
status = regexec(&re, string, (size_t) 0, NULL, 0);
regfree(&re);
if (status != 0) {
return(0); /* Report error. */
}
return(1);
}
The following demonstrates how the REG_NOTBOL flag could be used with regexec() to find all substrings in a line that match a pattern sup-
plied by a user. (For simplicity of the example, very little error checking is done.)
(void) regcomp (&re, pattern, 0);
/* This call to regexec() finds the first match on the line. */
error = regexec (&re, &buffer[0], 1, &pm, 0);
while (error == 0) { /* While matches found. */
/* Substring found between pm.rm_so and pm.rm_eo. */
/* This call to regexec() finds the next match. */
error = regexec (&re, buffer + pm.rm_eo, 1, &pm, REG_NOTBOL);
}
APPLICATION USAGE
An application could use:
regerror(code,preg,(char *)NULL,(size_t)0)
to find out how big a buffer is needed for the generated string, malloc() a buffer to hold the string, and then call regerror() again to
get the string. Alternatively, it could allocate a fixed, static buffer that is big enough to hold most strings, and then use malloc() to
allocate a larger buffer if it finds that this is too small.
To match a pattern as described in the Shell and Utilities volume of POSIX.1-2008, Section 2.13, Pattern Matching Notation, use the
fnmatch() function.
RATIONALE
The regexec() function must fill in all nmatch elements of pmatch, where nmatch and pmatch are supplied by the application, even if some
elements of pmatch do not correspond to subexpressions in pattern. The application developer should note that there is probably no reason
for using a value of nmatch that is larger than preg->re_nsub+1.
The REG_NEWLINE flag supports a use of RE matching that is needed in some applications like text editors. In such applications, the user
supplies an RE asking the application to find a line that matches the given expression. An anchor in such an RE anchors at the beginning or
end of any line. Such an application can pass a sequence of <newline>-separated lines to regexec() as a single long string and specify
REG_NEWLINE to regcomp() to get the desired behavior. The application must ensure that there are no explicit <newline> characters in pat-
tern if it wants to ensure that any match occurs entirely within a single line.
The REG_NEWLINE flag affects the behavior of regexec(), but it is in the cflags parameter to regcomp() to allow flexibility of implementa-
tion. Some implementations will want to generate the same compiled RE in regcomp() regardless of the setting of REG_NEWLINE and have
regexec() handle anchors differently based on the setting of the flag. Other implementations will generate different compiled REs based on
the REG_NEWLINE.
The REG_ICASE flag supports the operations taken by the grep -i option and the historical implementations of ex and vi. Including this
flag will make it easier for application code to be written that does the same thing as these utilities.
The substrings reported in pmatch[] are defined using offsets from the start of the string rather than pointers. This allows type-safe
access to both constant and non-constant strings.
The type regoff_t is used for the elements of pmatch[] to ensure that the application can represent large arrays in memory (important for
an application conforming to the Shell and Utilities volume of POSIX.1-2008).
The 1992 edition of this standard required regoff_t to be at least as wide as off_t, to facilitate future extensions in which the string to
be searched is taken from a file. However, these future extensions have not appeared. The requirement rules out popular implementations
with 32-bit regoff_t and 64-bit off_t, so it has been removed.
The standard developers rejected the inclusion of a regsub() function that would be used to do substitutions for a matched RE. While such a
routine would be useful to some applications, its utility would be much more limited than the matching function described here. Both RE
parsing and substitution are possible to implement without support other than that required by the ISO C standard, but matching is much
more complex than substituting. The only difficult part of substitution, given the information supplied by regexec(), is finding the next
character in a string when there can be multi-byte characters. That is a much larger issue, and one that needs a more general solution.
The errno variable has not been used for error returns to avoid filling the errno name space for this feature.
The interface is defined so that the matched substrings rm_sp and rm_ep are in a separate regmatch_t structure instead of in regex_t. This
allows a single compiled RE to be used simultaneously in several contexts; in main() and a signal handler, perhaps, or in multiple threads
of lightweight processes. (The preg argument to regexec() is declared with type const, so the implementation is not permitted to use the
structure to store intermediate results.) It also allows an application to request an arbitrary number of substrings from an RE. The number
of subexpressions in the RE is reported in re_nsub in preg. With this change to regexec(), consideration was given to dropping the
REG_NOSUB flag since the user can now specify this with a zero nmatch argument to regexec(). However, keeping REG_NOSUB allows an imple-
mentation to use a different (perhaps more efficient) algorithm if it knows in regcomp() that no subexpressions need be reported. The
implementation is only required to fill in pmatch if nmatch is not zero and if REG_NOSUB is not specified. Note that the size_t type, as
defined in the ISO C standard, is unsigned, so the description of regexec() does not need to address negative values of nmatch.
REG_NOTBOL was added to allow an application to do repeated searches for the same pattern in a line. If the pattern contains a <circumflex>
character that should match the beginning of a line, then the pattern should only match when matched against the beginning of the line.
Without the REG_NOTBOL flag, the application could rewrite the expression for subsequent matches, but in the general case this would
require parsing the expression. The need for REG_NOTEOL is not as clear; it was added for symmetry.
The addition of the regerror() function addresses the historical need for conforming application programs to have access to error informa-
tion more than ``Function failed to compile/match your RE for unknown reasons''.
This interface provides for two different methods of dealing with error conditions. The specific error codes (REG_EBRACE, for example),
defined in <regex.h>, allow an application to recover from an error if it is so able. Many applications, especially those that use patterns
supplied by a user, will not try to deal with specific error cases, but will just use regerror() to obtain a human-readable error message
to present to the user.
The regerror() function uses a scheme similar to confstr() to deal with the problem of allocating memory to hold the generated string. The
scheme used by strerror() in the ISO C standard was considered unacceptable since it creates difficulties for multi-threaded applications.
The preg argument is provided to regerror() to allow an implementation to generate a more descriptive message than would be possible with
errcode alone. An implementation might, for example, save the character offset of the offending character of the pattern in a field of
preg, and then include that in the generated message string. The implementation may also ignore preg.
A REG_FILENAME flag was considered, but omitted. This flag caused regexec() to match patterns as described in the Shell and Utilities vol-
ume of POSIX.1-2008, Section 2.13, Pattern Matching Notation instead of REs. This service is now provided by the fnmatch() function.
Notice that there is a difference in philosophy between the ISO POSIX-2:1993 standard and POSIX.1-2008 in how to handle a ``bad'' regular
expression. The ISO POSIX-2:1993 standard says that many bad constructs ``produce undefined results'', or that ``the interpretation is
undefined''. POSIX.1-2008, however, says that the interpretation of such REs is unspecified. The term ``undefined'' means that the action
by the application is an error, of similar severity to passing a bad pointer to a function.
The regcomp() and regexec() functions are required to accept any null-terminated string as the pattern argument. If the meaning of the
string is ``undefined'', the behavior of the function is ``unspecified''. POSIX.1-2008 does not specify how the functions will interpret
the pattern; they might return error codes, or they might do pattern matching in some completely unexpected way, but they should not do
something like abort the process.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
fnmatch(), glob()
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2008, Chapter 9, Regular Expressions, <regex.h>, <sys_types.h>
The Shell and Utilities volume of POSIX.1-2008, Section 2.13, Pattern Matching Notation
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technol-
ogy -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. (This is POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Stan-
dard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source
files to man page format. To report such errors, see https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
IEEE
/The Open Group 2013 REGCOMP(3P)