osf1 man page for ls

ls(1)							      General Commands Manual							     ls(1)

NAME
       ls - Lists and generates statistics for files

SYNOPSIS
       ls [-aAbcCdDfFgilLmnopqrRstux1] [file... | directory...]

STANDARDS
       Interfaces documented on this reference page conform to industry standards as follows:

       ls:  XCU5.0

       Refer to the standards(5) reference page for more information about industry standards and associated tags.

OPTIONS
       Lists  all  entries in the directory, including the entries that begin with a (dot). Entries that begin with a are not displayed unless you
       refer to them specifically, or you specify the -a option.  [Tru64 UNIX]	Lists all entries, except (dot) and (dot-dot). If you issue the ls
       command	as  the  superuser, it behaves as if you specified this option.  [Tru64 UNIX]  Displays nonprintable characters in octal notation.
       Uses the time of last inode modification (file created, mode changed, and so on) for sorting when used with the	-t  option.  Displays  the
       time  of  last inode modification (instead of the time at which the file's contents were last modified) when used with the -l option.  This
       option has effect only when used with either -t or -l or both.  Sorts output vertically in a multicolumn format.  This is the default  when
       output is to a terminal.  Displays only the information for the directory that is named, rather than for its contents.  This is useful with
       the -l option to get the status of a directory.	If the file is a special file, and the machine is cluster aware, the size  field  contains
       the  major and minor device numbers assigned on the local machine.  Lists the name in each slot for each named directory. This option turns
       off -l, -t, -s, and -r, and turns on -a; this option uses the order in which entries appear in the directory.  Puts a / (slash) after  each
       file  name  if the file is a directory, an * (asterisk) after each file name if the file can be executed, an = (equal sign) after each file
       name if the file is a socket, an @ (at sign) for a symbolic link, and a | (vertical bar) for a FIFO.  Displays the same information as  -l,
       except  for  the  owner.   Displays  the  file serial number in the first column of the report for each file.  Displays the mode, number of
       links, owner, group, size (in bytes), and time of last modification for each file, and pathname.

	      [Tru64 UNIX]  If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to file is also preceded by ->. The attributes of the  sym-
	      bolic link are displayed. The -n option overrides the -l option.

	      [Tru64  UNIX]  If  CMD_ENV=svr4, the ls command reports an l in the group execution field when mandatory locking is enabled.  [Tru64
	      UNIX]  Lists the file or directory link references rather than the link itself, if the argument is a  symbolic  link.   Uses  stream
	      output  format  (a comma-separated series).  Displays the same information as -l, except that it displays the user and the group IDs
	      instead of the user names and group names.  Displays the same information as with -l, except for the group.  The -n option overrides
	      the  -o option.  Puts a slash after each file name if that file is a directory.  Displays nonprintable characters in file names as a
	      ?  (question mark) character, if output is to a terminal (default).  Reverses the order of the sort, giving reverse collation or the
	      oldest  first,  as  appropriate.	 Lists	all subdirectories recursively.  Gives space used in n 1024-byte units (including indirect
	      blocks) for each entry.

	      [Tru64 UNIX]  When run on an AdvFS clone file set, the ls -s command displays the space used by the files in the original  file  set
	      at  the  time  the  clone file set was created. The file sizes are displayed in 1024-byte units.	Sorts by time of last modification
	      (latest first) instead of by name.  Uses the time of the last access instead of time of the last modification for sorting (when used
	      with -t) or for displaying (when used with -l).  This option has no effect when not used with either -t or -l or both.  Sorts output
	      horizontally in a multicolumn format.  Forces one entry per line output format; this is the default when output is not directed to a
	      terminal.

       When  you specify the following mutually exclusive options, the last option on the command line takes effect: [Tru64 UNIX]  -C and -l (ell)
       [Tru64 UNIX]  -C and -1 (one) [Tru64 UNIX]  -m and -l (ell) [Tru64 UNIX]  -x and -l (ell) [Tru64 UNIX]  -c and -u

OPERANDS
       The path name of a file or directory about which information is to be output.  If this operand is omitted, the current directory is used.

DESCRIPTION
       The ls command writes to standard output the contents of each specified directory or the name of each specified file, along with any  other
       information you ask for with options.  If you do not specify a file or a directory, ls displays the contents of the current directory.

       By default, ls displays all information in collated order by file name.	The collating sequence is determined by the LC_COLLATE environment
       variable.

       [Tru64 UNIX]  There are three main ways to format the output: [Tru64 UNIX]  List entries in multiple columns by specifying either the -C or
       -x options.  When output is to a terminal, -C is the default format.  List one entry per line.  List entries in a comma-separated series by
       specifying the -m option.

       [Tru64 UNIX]  The ls command uses ioctl() to determine the number of byte positions in the output line.	If ls cannot get this information,
       it uses a default value of 80.  Columns may not be smaller than 20 bytes or larger than 400 bytes.

   Modes
       The  mode  displayed with the -l option is interpreted by the first character, as follows: Block special file Character special file Direc-
       tory [Tru64 UNIX]  Symbolic link First-In-First-Out (FIFO) special file [Tru64 UNIX]  Local socket Ordinary file

   Permissions
       The next nine characters are divided into three sets of three characters each.  The first three characters  show  the  owner's  permission.
       The next set of three characters show the permission of the other users in the group.  The last set of three characters show the permission
       of everyone else.  The three characters in each set show read, write and execute permission of the file.  Execute permission of a directory
       lets you search a directory for a specified file.

       Permissions are indicated as follows: read write execute or search (directories) no access

       The  group-execute  permission character is s if the file has set-group-ID mode. The user-execute permission character is s if the file has
       set-user-ID mode. The last character of the mode (normally x or -) is t if the 01000 (octal) bit of the mode is set; see the chmod  command
       for the meaning of this mode. The indications of set-ID and the 01000 bit of the mode are capitalized (S and T, respectively) if the corre-
       sponding execute permission is not set.

       When there is an access control list (ACL) on the listed directory or file the group permissions displayed by the ls command are the  maxi-
       mum  permissions allowed for the owning group and for any user or group identified in a qualified "user" or "group" ACL entry. A given user
       or member of a group can have more restrictive permissions.  Use the getacl command to see the ACL for a given file or directory.

       When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, the ls command displays a total count in 1024-byte units, including indirect blocks.

       The LC_TIME environment variable controls the format of the date and time.

   System V Compatibility
       [Tru64 UNIX]  The root of the directory tree that contains  the	commands  modified  for  SVID  2  compliance  is  specified  in  the  file
       /etc/svid2_path.  You can use /etc/svid2_profile as the basis for, or to include in, your /etc/svid2_profile reads /etc/svid2_path and sets
       the first entries in the PATH environment variable so that the modified SVID 2 commands are found first.

       [Tru64 UNIX]  The SVID 2 compliant version of the ls command produces multicolumn output only if the -C option is specified.  In  addition,
       the -s option of the SVID 2 compliant command causes file sizes to be reported in 512-byte units rather than in 1024-byte units.

EXIT STATUS
       The following exit values are returned: Successful completion.  An error occurred.

NOTE
       [Tru64 UNIX]  Sparse files, such as quota files, may not be using as much on-disk storage as the ls -l command reports.	Use the ls -s com-
       mand to obtain an accurate report of the on-disk storage used by a sparse file.

EXAMPLES
       The following example lists the quota.user file, a sparse file, two different ways.  The example shows that although the last byte  in  the
       file is at logical offset 2097151, the file uses only 24 blocks of on-disk storage: # ls -l quota.user -rw-r-----   1 root operator 2097152
       Apr 29 14:54 quota.user # ls -s quota.user 24 quota.user To list all files in the current directory, enter: ls -a

	      This lists all files, including . (dot), .. (dot-dot), and other files with names beginning with a dot.  To display detailed  infor-
	      mation, enter: ls -l chap1 .profile

	      This  displays a long listing with detailed information about the files chap1 and To display detailed information about a directory,
	      enter: ls -d -l . manual manual/chap1

	      This displays a long listing for the directories and manual, and for the file manual/chap1.  Without the	-d  option,  this  command
	      lists  the files in and manual instead of providing detailed information about the directories themselves.  To list the files in the
	      current directory in order of modification time, enter: ls -l -t

	      This displays a long listing of the files that were modified most recently, followed by the older files.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       The following environment variables affect the execution of ls: Determines the user's preferred column position width for writing  multiple
       text-column  output.  If  this  variable contains a string representing a decimal integer, the ls utility calculates how many pathname text
       columns to write (see -C) based on the width provided. If COLUMNS is not set or invalid, an implementation-dependent number of column posi-
       tions  is assumed, based on the implementation's knowledge of the output device. The column width chosen to write the names of files in any
       given directory will be constant. Filenames will not be truncated to fit into the multiple text-column output.  Provides  a  default  value
       for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. If LANG is unset or null, the corresponding value from the default locale is
       used. If any of the internationalization variables contain an invalid setting, the utility behaves as if none of  the  variables  had  been
       defined.   If set to a non-empty string value, overrides the values of all the other internationalization variables.  Determines the locale
       for character collation information in determining the pathname collation sequence.   Determines  the  locale  for  the	interpretation	of
       sequences  of  bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multibyte characters in arguments).  Determines the
       locale for the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.  Determines the format and contents for the  date  and
       time  strings written by ls.  Determines the location of message catalogues for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.  Determines the timezone for
       date and time strings written by ls.

FILES
       Contains user information.  Contains group information.

SEE ALSO
       Commands:  chmod(1), du(1), find(1), ln(1), stty(1)

       Functions:  ioctl(2)

       Files:  acl(4)

       Standards:  standards(5)

																	     ls(1)