directio(3C) Standard C Library Functions directio(3C)
NAME
directio - provide advice to file system
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/fcntl.h>
int directio(int fildes, int advice);
DESCRIPTION
The directio() function provides advice to the system about the expected behavior of the application when accessing the data in the file
associated with the open file descriptor fildes. The system uses this information to help optimize accesses to the file's data. The direc-
tio() function has no effect on the semantics of the other operations on the data, though it may affect the performance of other opera-
tions.
The advice argument is kept per file; the last caller of directio() sets the advice for all applications using the file associated with
fildes.
Values for advice are defined in <sys/fcntl.h>.
DIRECTIO_OFF Applications get the default system behavior when accessing file data.
When an application reads data from a file, the data is first cached in system memory and then copied into the applica-
tion's buffer (see read(2)). If the system detects that the application is reading sequentially from a file, the system
will asynchronously "read ahead" from the file into system memory so the data is immediately available for the next read(2)
operation.
When an application writes data into a file, the data is first cached in system memory and is written to the device at a
later time (see write(2)). When possible, the system increases the performance of write(2) operations by cacheing the data
in memory pages. The data is copied into system memory and the write(2) operation returns immediately to the application.
The data is later written asynchronously to the device. When possible, the cached data is "clustered" into large chunks and
written to the device in a single write operation.
The system behavior for DIRECTIO_OFF can change without notice.
DIRECTIO_ON The system behaves as though the application is not going to reuse the file data in the near future. In other words, the
file data is not cached in the system's memory pages.
When possible, data is read or written directly between the application's memory and the device when the data is accessed
with read(2) and write(2) operations. When such transfers are not possible, the system switches back to the default behav-
ior, but just for that operation. In general, the transfer is possible when the application's buffer is aligned on a two-
byte (short) boundary, the offset into the file is on a device sector boundary, and the size of the operation is a multiple
of device sectors.
This advisory is ignored while the file associated with fildes is mapped (see mmap(2)).
The system behavior for DIRECTIO_ON can change without notice.
RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion, directio() returns 0. Otherwise, it returns -1 and sets errno to indicate the error.
ERRORS
The directio() function will fail if:
EBADF The fildes argument is not a valid open file descriptor.
ENOTTY The fildes argument is not associated with a file system that accepts advisory functions.
EINVAL The value in advice is invalid.
USAGE
Small sequential I/O generally performs best with DIRECTIO_OFF.
Large sequential I/O generally performs best with DIRECTIO_ON, except when a file is sparse or is being extended and is opened with O_SYNC
or O_DSYNC (see open(2)).
The directio() function is supported for the NFS and UFS file system types (see fstyp(1M)).
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|MT-Level |MT-Safe |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
SEE ALSO
fstyp(1M), mmap(2), open(2), read(2), write(2), fcntl.h(3HEAD), attributes(5)
WARNINGS
Switching between DIRECTIO_OFF and DIRECTIO_ON can slow the system because each switch to DIRECTIO_ON might entail flushing the file's
data from the system's memory.
SunOS 5.11 9 Apr 2003 directio(3C)