ls(1) [minix man page]
LS(1) General Commands Manual LS(1) NAME
ls - list the contents of a directory SYNOPSIS
ls [-acdfgilqrstu1ACFLMRTX] [name...] DESCRIPTION
For each file argument, list it. For each directory argument, list its contents. The current working directory is listed when no files are named. Information is printed multicolumn on terminals, single column if the output is redirected. The options control what informa- tion is shown and how. Ls has two sources other then the commands line to draw options from, one is the environment variable LSOPTS and is used only when the out- put of ls is displayed on a terminal. The other is the name of ls itself. If ls is linked to another name, then all the characters after the l are used as flags too, except that f, r, t and x are translated to F, R, T and X. Useful links are ll, lf, lm and lx. Files whose names start with a dot are by default not listed. Note that standard Minix doesn't have symbolic links or sockets and -u and -c are no-ops on a V1 file system, since only modified times are stored in V1 inodes. OPTIONS
-a All entries are listed, even . and .. -c Use inode changed time for sorting, listing or searching. -d Do not list contents of directories, but list the directory itself. -f Do not sort (should also be: treat a file as a directory, but that can't be implemented portably). -g Suppress the owner name on a long listing (implies -l). -i I-node number printed in first column. -l Long listing: mode, links, owner, group, size and time. (ls -lC uses columns in a wide enough window!) -n Print numerical user and group id's. -q Print nongraphic characters as '?' (default on terminals). -r Reverse the sort order. -s Give size in kilobytes. -t Sort by time (modified time default), latest first. -u Use last accessed time for sorting, listing or searching. -1 Print in one column. -A List all entries, but not . and .. (This is the default for privileged users.) -C Print multicolumn (default on terminals). -F Mark directories with a '/', executables with a '*', UNIX domain sockets with a '=' and symbolic links with a '@' behind the name. -L Print the file referenced by a symbolic link instead of the link. -M List mode before name (implies -C). -R List directory trees recursively. -T Group files by type, i.e. regular files together, directories together, etc. -X Print crunched mode and size before name (implies -C). Only the rwx permissions that its caller has on the file, but they are in upper case if the caller owns the file and has given the permission to the callers group or other users. The size is listed in bytes (<= 5K), or rounded up kilo, mega or gigabytes. SEE ALSO
du(1), stat(1), stat(2). BUGS
Having to type ls -C when viewing files through more(1). Is only portable to systems with the same st_mode (see stat(2)). The LSOPTS variable and the -M, -T and -X flags are not found on other ls implementations. (They have there own nonstandard flags.) AUTHOR
Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl) LS(1)
Check Out this Related Man Page
LS(1) General Commands Manual LS(1) NAME
ls - list contents of directory SYNOPSIS
ls [ -acdfgiloqrstu1ACLFR ] name ... DESCRIPTION
For each directory argument, ls lists the contents of the directory; for each file argument, ls repeats its name and any other information requested. By default, the output is sorted alphabetically. When no argument is given, the current directory is listed. When several arguments are given, the arguments are first sorted appropriately, but file arguments are processed before directories and their contents. There are a large number of options: -l List in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner, size in bytes, and time of last modification for each file. (See below.) If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain the major and minor device numbers. If the file is a symbolic link the pathname of the linked-to file is printed preceded by ``->''. -o Include the file flags in a long (-l) output. -g Include the group ownership of the file in a long output. -t Sort by time modified (latest first) instead of by name. -a List all entries; in the absence of this option, entries whose names begin with a period (.) are not listed. -s Give size in kilobytes of each file. -d If argument is a directory, list only its name; often used with -l to get the status of a directory. -L If argument is a symbolic link, list the file or directory the link references rather than the link itself. -r Reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic or oldest first as appropriate. -u Use time of last access instead of last modification for sorting (with the -t option) and/or printing (with the -l option). -c Use time of file creation for sorting or printing. -i For each file, print the i-number in the first column of the report. -f Output is not sorted. -F cause directories to be marked with a trailing `/', sockets with a trailing `=', symbolic links with a trailing `@', and executable files with a trailing `*'. -R recursively list subdirectories encountered. -1 force one entry per line output format; this is the default when output is not to a terminal. -C force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal. -q force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the character `?'; this is the default when output is to a terminal. The mode printed under the -l option contains 11 characters which are interpreted as follows: the first character is d if the entry is a directory; b if the entry is a block-type special file; c if the entry is a character-type special file; l if the entry is a symbolic link; s if the entry is a socket, or - if the entry is a plain file. The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three bits each. The first set refers to owner permissions; the next refers to per- missions to others in the same user-group; and the last to all others. Within each set the three characters indicate permission respec- tively to read, to write, or to execute the file as a program. For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted to mean permission to search the directory. The permissions are indicated as follows: r if the file is readable; w if the file is writable; x if the file is executable; - if the indicated permission is not granted. The group-execute permission character is given as s if the file has the set-group-id bit set; likewise the user-execute permission charac- ter is given as s if the file has the set-user-id bit set. The last character of the mode (normally `x' or `-') is t if the 1000 bit of the mode is on. See chmod(1) for the meaning of this mode. When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total count of blocks, including indirect blocks is printed. FILES
/etc/passwd to get user id's for `ls -l'. /etc/group to get group id's for `ls -g'. BUGS
Newline and tab are considered printing characters in file names. The output device is assumed to be 80 columns wide. The option setting based on whether the output is a teletype is undesirable as ``ls -s'' is much different than ``ls -s | lpr''. On the other hand, not doing this setting would make old shell scripts which used ls almost certain losers. 3rd Berkeley Distribution December 20, 1994 LS(1)