UCRED(9) BSD Kernel Developer's Manual UCRED(9)
NAME
ucred, crget, crhold, crfree, crshared, crcopy, crdup, cru2x, cred_update_thread -- functions related to user credentials
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/ucred.h>
struct ucred *
crget(void);
struct ucred *
crhold(struct ucred *cr);
void
crfree(struct ucred *cr);
int
crshared(struct ucred *cr);
void
crcopy(struct ucred *dest, struct ucred *src);
struct ucred *
crcopysafe(struct proc *p, struct ucred *cr);
struct ucred *
crdup(struct ucred *cr);
void
crsetgroups(struct ucred *cr, int ngrp, gid_t *groups);
void
cru2x(struct ucred *cr, struct xucred *xcr);
void
cred_update_thread(struct thread *td);
DESCRIPTION
The ucred family of functions is used to manage user credential structures (struct ucred) within the kernel.
The crget() function allocates memory for a new structure, sets its reference count to 1, and initializes its lock.
The crhold() function increases the reference count on the credential.
The crfree() function decreases the reference count on the credential. If the count drops to 0, the storage for the structure is freed.
The crshared() function returns true if the credential is shared. A credential is considered to be shared if its reference count is greater
than one.
The crcopy() function copies the contents of the source (template) credential into the destination template. The uidinfo structure within
the destination is referenced by calling uihold(9).
The crcopysafe() function copies the current credential associated with the process p into the newly allocated credential cr. The process
lock on p must be held and will be dropped and reacquired as needed to allocate group storage space in cr.
The crdup() function allocates memory for a new structure and copies the contents of cr into it. The actual copying is performed by
crcopy().
The crsetgroups() function sets the cr_groups and cr_ngroups variables and allocates space as needed. It also truncates the group list to
the current maximum number of groups. No other mechanism should be used to modify the cr_groups array except for updating the primary group
via assignment to cr_groups[0].
The cru2x() function converts a ucred structure to an xucred structure. That is, it copies data from cr to xcr; it ignores fields in the
former that are not present in the latter (e.g., cr_uidinfo), and appropriately sets fields in the latter that are not present in the former
(e.g., cr_version).
The cred_update_thread() function sets the credentials of td to that of its process, freeing its old credential if required.
RETURN VALUES
crget(), crhold(), crdup(), and crcopysafe() all return a pointer to a ucred structure.
crshared() returns 0 if the credential has a reference count greater than 1; otherwise, 1 is returned.
USAGE NOTES
As of FreeBSD 5.0, the ucred structure contains extensible fields. This means that the correct protocol must always be followed to create a
fresh and writable credential structure: new credentials must always be derived from existing credentials using crget(), crcopy(), and
crcopysafe().
In the common case, credentials required for access control decisions are used in a read-only manner. In these circumstances, the thread
credential td_ucred should be used, as it requires no locking to access safely, and remains stable for the duration of the call even in the
face of a multi-threaded application changing the process credentials from another thread.
During a process credential update, the process lock must be held across check and update, to prevent race conditions. The process creden-
tial, td->td_proc->p_ucred, must be used both for check and update. If a process credential is updated during a system call and checks
against the thread credential are to be made later during the same system call, the thread credential must also be refreshed from the process
credential so as to prevent use of a stale value. To avoid this scenario, it is recommended that system calls updating the process creden-
tial be designed to avoid other authorization functions.
If temporarily elevated privileges are required for a thread, the thread credential can by replaced for the duration of an activity, or for
the remainder of the system call. However, as a thread credential is often shared, appropriate care should be taken to make sure modifica-
tions are made to a writable credential through the use of crget() and crcopy().
Caution should be exercised when checking authorization for a thread or process perform an operation on another thread or process. As a
result of temporary elevation, the target thread credential should never be used as the target credential in an access control decision: the
process credential associated with the thread, td->td_proc->p_ucred, should be used instead. For example, p_candebug(9) accepts a target
process, not a target thread, for access control purposes.
SEE ALSO
uihold(9)
AUTHORS
This manual page was written by Chad David <davidc@acns.ab.ca>.
BSD
June 19, 2009 BSD