adding_user(8) [freebsd man page]
ADDING_USER(8) BSD System Manager's Manual ADDING_USER(8) NAME
adding_user -- procedure for adding new users DESCRIPTION
A new user must choose a login name, which must not already appear in /etc/passwd or /etc/mail/aliases. It must also not begin with the hyphen '-' character. It is strongly recommended that it be all lower-case, and not contain the dot '.' character, as that tends to confuse mailers. An account can be added by editing a line into the passwd file; this must be done with the password file locked e.g. by using chpass(1) or vipw(8). A new user is given a group and user id. Login and user id's should be unique across the system, and often across a group of systems, since they are used to control file access. Typically, users working on similar projects will be put in the same groups. At the University of California, Berkeley, we have groups for system staff, faculty, graduate students, and special groups for large projects. A skeletal account for a new user ``ernie'' might look like: ernie::25:30::0:0:Ernie Kovacs,508 Evans Hall,x7925, 642-8202:/a/users/ernie:/bin/csh For a description of each of these fields, see passwd(5). It is useful to give new users some help in getting started, supplying them with a few skeletal files such as .profile if they use /bin/sh, or .cshrc and .login if they use /bin/csh. The directory /usr/share/skel contains skeletal definitions of such files. New users should be given copies of these files which, for instance, use tset(1) automatically at each login. FILES
/etc/master.passwd user database /usr/share/skel skeletal login directory SEE ALSO
chpass(1), finger(1), passwd(1), aliases(5), passwd(5), adduser(8), pwd_mkdb(8), vipw(8) BSD
January 30, 2009 BSD
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PASSWD(5) BSD File Formats Manual PASSWD(5) NAME
passwd, master.passwd -- format of the password file DESCRIPTION
The /etc/passwd file is a legacy BSD 4.3 format file. It is mostly unused, but is updated by some utility programs. Its format is similar to the /etc/master.passwd file, except that it does not contain the class, change, and expire fields described below. The /etc/master.passwd file comprises newline separated records, one per user. Each line contains ten colon (``:'') separated fields. These fields are as follows: name User's login name. password User's encrypted password. uid User's id. gid User's login group id. class User's general classification (unused). change Password change time. expire Account expiration time. gecos User's full name. home_dir User's home directory. shell User's login shell. The name field is the login used to access the computer account, and the uid field is the number associated with it. They should both be unique across the system (and often across a group of systems) since they control file access. While it is possible to have multiple entries with identical login names and/or identical user id's, it is usually a mistake to do so. Rou- tines that manipulate these files will often return only one of the multiple entries, and that one by random selection. The login name must never begin with a hyphen (``-''); also, it is strongly suggested that neither upper-case characters or dots (``.'') be part of the name, as this tends to confuse mailers. No field may contain a colon (``:'') as this has been used historically to separate the fields in the user database. The password field is the encrypted form of the password. If the password field is empty, no password will be required to gain access to the machine. This is almost invariably a mistake. Because these files contain the encrypted user passwords, they should not be readable by any- one without appropriate privileges. The group field is the group that the user will be placed in upon login. Since this system supports multiple groups (see groups(1)) this field currently has little special meaning. The class field is currently unused. The change field is the number in seconds, GMT, from the epoch, until the password for the account must be changed. This field may be left empty to turn off the password aging feature. The expire field is the number in seconds, GMT, from the epoch, until the account expires. This field may be left empty to turn off the account aging feature. The gecos field normally contains the user's full name. Note that Mac OS X differs from some other operating systems, where the gecos field may contain other comma-separcted information about the user. The home_dir field is the user's home directory. This is the full path name where the user will be placed on login. The shell field is the command interpreter the user prefers. If there is nothing in the shell field, the Bourne shell (/bin/sh) is assumed. INTERACTION WITH DIRECTORY SERVICES
Processes generally find user records using one of the getpwent(3) family of functions. On Mac OS X, these functions interact with the DirectoryService(8) daemon, which reads the /etc/master.passwd file as well as searching other directory information services to find user accounts. FILES
/etc/passwd /etc/master.passwd SEE ALSO
chpass(1), login(1), passwd(1), getpwent(3), netgroup(5), DirectoryService(8), pwd_mkdb(8), vipw(8) HISTORY
A passwd file format appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX. BSD
July 18, 1995 BSD