aliases(5) [freebsd man page]
ALIASES(5) File Formats Manual ALIASES(5) NAME
aliases - aliases file for sendmail SYNOPSIS
aliases DESCRIPTION
This file describes user ID aliases used by sendmail. The file resides in /etc/mail and is formatted as a series of lines of the form name: addr_1, addr_2, addr_3, . . . The name is the name to alias, and the addr_n are the aliases for that name. addr_n can be another alias, a local username, a local file- name, a command, an include file, or an external address. Local Username username The username must be available via getpwnam(3). Local Filename /path/name Messages are appended to the file specified by the full pathname (starting with a slash (/)) Command |command A command starts with a pipe symbol (|), it receives messages via standard input. Include File :include: /path/name The aliases in pathname are added to the aliases for name. E-Mail Address user@domain An e-mail address in RFC 822 format. Lines beginning with white space are continuation lines. Another way to continue lines is by placing a backslash directly before a new- line. Lines beginning with # are comments. Aliasing occurs only on local names. Loops can not occur, since no message will be sent to any person more than once. If an alias is found for name, sendmail then checks for an alias for owner-name. If it is found and the result of the lookup expands to a single address, the envelope sender address of the message is rewritten to that address. If it is found and the result expands to more than one address, the envelope sender address is changed to owner-name. After aliasing has been done, local and valid recipients who have a ``.forward'' file in their home directory have messages forwarded to the list of users defined in that file. This is only the raw data file; the actual aliasing information is placed into a binary format in the file /etc/mail/aliases.db using the program newaliases(1). A newaliases command should be executed each time the aliases file is changed for the change to take effect. SEE ALSO
newaliases(1), dbm(3), dbopen(3), db_open(3), sendmail(8) SENDMAIL Installation and Operation Guide. SENDMAIL An Internetwork Mail Router. BUGS
If you have compiled sendmail with DBM support instead of NEWDB, you may have encountered problems in dbm(3) restricting a single alias to about 1000 bytes of information. You can get longer aliases by ``chaining''; that is, make the last name in the alias be a dummy name which is a continuation alias. HISTORY
The aliases file format appeared in 4.0BSD. $Date: 2013-11-22 20:51:55 $ ALIASES(5)
Check Out this Related Man Page
aliases(4) File Formats aliases(4) NAME
aliases, addresses, forward - addresses and aliases for sendmail SYNOPSIS
/etc/mail/aliases /etc/mail/aliases.db /etc/mail/aliases.dir /etc/mail/aliases.pag ~/.forward DESCRIPTION
These files contain mail addresses or aliases, recognized by sendmail(1M) for the local host: /etc/passwd Mail addresses (usernames) of local users. /etc/mail/aliases Aliases for the local host, in ASCII format. Root can edit this file to add, update, or delete local mail aliases. /etc/mail/aliases.{dir , pag} The aliasing information from /etc/mail/aliases, in binary ndbm(3C) format for use by sendmail(1M). The program newaliases(1M) main- tains these files. /etc/mail/aliases.db The aliasing information from /etc/mail/aliases, in binary, Berkeley DataBase format for use by sendmail(1M). The program maintains these files. Depending on the configuration of the AliasFile option in /etc/mail/sendmail.cf, either the single file aliases.db or the pair of files aliases.{dir, pag} is generated by newaliases(1M). As shipped with Solaris, sendmail(1M) supports both formats. If neither is speci- fied, the Berkeley DataBase format which generates the single .db file is used. ~/.forward Addresses to which a user's mail is forwarded (see Automatic Forwarding). In addition, the NIS name services aliases map mail.aliases, and the NIS+ mail_aliases table, both contain addresses and aliases available for use across the network. Addresses As distributed, sendmail(1M) supports the following types of addresses: Local Usernames username Each local username is listed in the local host's /etc/passwd file. Local Filenames pathname Messages addressed to the absolute pathname of a file are appended to that file. Commands |command If the first character of the address is a vertical bar (|), sendmail(1M) pipes the message to the standard input of the command the bar precedes. Internet-standard Addresses username@domain If domain does not contain any `.' (dots), then it is interpreted as the name of a host in the current domain. Otherwise, the message is passed to a mailhost that determines how to get to the specified domain. Domains are divided into subdomains separated by dots, with the top-level domain on the right. For example, the full address of John Smith could be: js@jsmachine.Podunk-U.EDU if he uses the machine named jsmachine at Podunk University. uucp Addresses ... [host!] host!username These are sometimes mistakenly referred to as ``Usenet'' addresses. uucp(1C) provides links to numerous sites throughout the world for the remote copying of files. Other site-specific forms of addressing can be added by customizing the sendmail.cf configuration file. See sendmail(1M) for details. Stan- dard addresses are recommended. Aliases Local Aliases /etc/mail/aliases is formatted as a series of lines of the form aliasname:address[, address] aliasname is the name of the alias or alias group, and address is the address of a recipient in the group. Aliases can be nested. That is, an address can be the name of another alias group. Because of the way sendmail(1M) performs mapping from upper-case to lower-case, an address that is the name of another alias group must not contain any upper-case letters. Lines beginning with white space are treated as continuation lines for the preceding alias. Lines beginning with # are comments. Special Aliases An alias of the form: owner-aliasname : address sendmail directs error-messages resulting from mail to aliasname to address, instead of back to the person who sent the message. sendmail rewrites the SMTP envelope sender to match this, so owner-aliasname should always point to alias-request, and alias-request should point to the owner's actual address: owner-aliasname: aliasname-request aliasname-request address An alias of the form: aliasname: :include:pathname with colons as shown, adds the recipients listed in the file pathname to the aliasname alias. This allows a private list to be maintained separately from the aliases file. NIS and NIS+ Domain Aliases The aliases file on the master NIS server is used for the mail.aliases NIS map, which can be made available to every NIS client. The mail_aliases table serves the same purpose on a NIS+ server. Thus, the /etc/mail/aliases* files on the various hosts in a network will one day be obsolete. Domain-wide aliases should ultimately be resolved into usernames on specific hosts. For example, if the following were in the domain-wide alias file: jsmith:js@jsmachine then any NIS or NIS+ client could just mail to jsmith and not have to remember the machine and username for John Smith. If a NIS or NIS+ alias does not resolve to an address with a specific host, then the name of the NIS or NIS+ domain is used. There should be an alias of the domain name for a host in this case. For example, the alias: jsmith:root sends mail on a NIS or NIS+ client to root@podunk-u if the name of the NIS or NIS+ domain is podunk-u. Automatic Forwarding When an alias (or address) is resolved to the name of a user on the local host, sendmail(1M) checks for a ~/.forward file, owned by the intended recipient, in that user's home directory, and with universal read access. This file can contain one or more addresses or aliases as described above, each of which is sent a copy of the user's mail. Care must be taken to avoid creating addressing loops in the ~/.forward file. When forwarding mail between machines, be sure that the des- tination machine does not return the mail to the sender through the operation of any NIS aliases. Otherwise, copies of the message may "bounce." Usually, the solution is to change the NIS alias to direct mail to the proper destination. A backslash before a username inhibits further aliasing. For instance, to invoke the vacation program, user js creates a ~/.forward file that contains the line: js, "|/usr/ucb/vacation js" so that one copy of the message is sent to the user, and another is piped into the vacation program. The ~/.forward file can be used to specify special "per user" extensions by creating a .forward+extension file in the home directory. For example, with an address like jsmith+jerry@jsmachine, the sendmail(1M) utility recognizes everything before the "+" as the actual username (jsmith) and everything after it, up to the "@" symbol, as the extension (jerry) which is passed to the mail delivery agent for local use. The default value of the ForwardPath processing option in sendmail(1M) is: O ForwardPath=$z/.forward.$w+$h:$z/.forward+$h:$z/.forward.$w:$z /.forward where $z is the macro for the user's home directory, $w is the macro for the local machine name and $h is the extension. For example, for mail using the address, jsmith+jerry@jsmachine, the sendmail(1M) utility checks each of the four following file names, in the order given, to see if it exists and if it has "safe" permissions, that is, that neither the file nor any of its parent directories are group- or world- writable: ~jsmith/.forward.jsmachine+jerry ~jsmith/.forward+jerry ~jsmith/.forward.jsmachine ~jsmith/.forward The first file that meets the conditions is used to forward the mail, that is, all the entries in that file receive a copy of the mail. The search is then stopped. FILES
/etc/passwd Password file /etc/nsswitch.conf Name service switch configuration file /etc/mail/aliases Mail aliases file (ascii) /etc/mail/aliases.db Database of mail aliases (binary) /etc/mail/aliases.dir Database of mail aliases (binary) /etc/mail/aliases.pag Database of mail aliases (binary) /etc/mail/sendmail.cf sendmail configuration file ~/.forward Forwarding information file ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes: +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ | ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE | +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ |Availability |SUNWsndmr | +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+ SEE ALSO
passwd(1), uucp(1C), vacation(1), newaliases(1M), sendmail(1M), ndbm(3C), getusershell(3C), passwd(4), shells(4), attributes(5) NOTES
Because of restrictions in ndbm(3C), a single alias cannot contain more than about 1000 characters (if this format is used). The Berkeley DataBase format does not have any such restriction. Nested aliases can be used to circumvent this limit. For aliases which result in piping to a program or concatenating a file, the shell of the controlling user must be allowed. Which shells are and are not allowed are determined by getusershell(3C). SunOS 5.11 8 May 2006 aliases(4)