QEMU(1) QEMU(1)
NAME
qemu-doc - QEMU Emulator User Documentation
SYNOPSIS
usage: qemu-system-i386 [options] [disk_image]
DESCRIPTION
The QEMU PC System emulator simulates the following peripherals:
- i440FX host PCI bridge and PIIX3 PCI to ISA bridge
- Cirrus CLGD 5446 PCI VGA card or dummy VGA card with Bochs VESA extensions (hardware level, including all non standard modes).
- PS/2 mouse and keyboard
- 2 PCI IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support
- Floppy disk
- PCI and ISA network adapters
- Serial ports
- Creative SoundBlaster 16 sound card
- ENSONIQ AudioPCI ES1370 sound card
- Intel 82801AA AC97 Audio compatible sound card
- Intel HD Audio Controller and HDA codec
- Adlib (OPL2) - Yamaha YM3812 compatible chip
- Gravis Ultrasound GF1 sound card
- CS4231A compatible sound card
- PCI UHCI USB controller and a virtual USB hub.
SMP is supported with up to 255 CPUs.
Note that adlib, gus and cs4231a are only available when QEMU was configured with --audio-card-list option containing the name(s) of
required card(s).
QEMU uses the PC BIOS from the Bochs project and the Plex86/Bochs LGPL VGA BIOS.
QEMU uses YM3812 emulation by Tatsuyuki Satoh.
QEMU uses GUS emulation (GUSEMU32 <http://www.deinmeister.de/gusemu/>) by Tibor "TS" Schutz.
Note that, by default, GUS shares IRQ(7) with parallel ports and so QEMU must be told to not have parallel ports to have working GUS.
qemu-system-i386 dos.img -soundhw gus -parallel none
Alternatively:
qemu-system-i386 dos.img -device gus,irq=5
Or some other unclaimed IRQ.
CS4231A is the chip used in Windows Sound System and GUSMAX products
OPTIONS
disk_image is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0. Some targets do not need a disk image.
Standard options:
-h Display help and exit
-version
Display version information and exit
-machine [type=]name[,prop=value[,...]]
Select the emulated machine by name. Use "-machine ?" to list available machines. Supported machine properties are:
accel=accels1[:accels2[:...]]
This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target architecture, kvm, xen, or tcg can be available. By default, tcg is
used. If there is more than one accelerator specified, the next one is used if the previous one fails to initialize.
kernel_irqchip=on|off
Enables in-kernel irqchip support for the chosen accelerator when available.
kvm_shadow_mem=size
Defines the size of the KVM shadow MMU.
-cpu model
Select CPU model (-cpu ? for list and additional feature selection)
-smp n[,cores=cores][,threads=threads][,sockets=sockets][,maxcpus=maxcpus]
Simulate an SMP system with n CPUs. On the PC target, up to 255 CPUs are supported. On Sparc32 target, Linux limits the number of
usable CPUs to 4. For the PC target, the number of cores per socket, the number of threads per cores and the total number of sockets
can be specified. Missing values will be computed. If any on the three values is given, the total number of CPUs n can be omitted.
maxcpus specifies the maximum number of hotpluggable CPUs.
-numa opts
Simulate a multi node NUMA system. If mem and cpus are omitted, resources are split equally.
-fda file
-fdb file
Use file as floppy disk 0/1 image. You can use the host floppy by using /dev/fd0 as filename.
-hda file
-hdb file
-hdc file
-hdd file
Use file as hard disk 0, 1, 2 or 3 image.
-cdrom file
Use file as CD-ROM image (you cannot use -hdc and -cdrom at the same time). You can use the host CD-ROM by using /dev/cdrom as
filename.
-drive option[,option[,option[,...]]]
Define a new drive. Valid options are:
file=file
This option defines which disk image to use with this drive. If the filename contains comma, you must double it (for instance,
"file=my,,file" to use file "my,file").
Special files such as iSCSI devices can be specified using protocol specific URLs. See the section for "Device URL Syntax" for more
information.
if=interface
This option defines on which type on interface the drive is connected. Available types are: ide, scsi, sd, mtd, floppy, pflash,
virtio.
bus=bus,unit=unit
These options define where is connected the drive by defining the bus number and the unit id.
index=index
This option defines where is connected the drive by using an index in the list of available connectors of a given interface type.
media=media
This option defines the type of the media: disk or cdrom.
cyls=c,heads=h,secs=s[,trans=t]
These options have the same definition as they have in -hdachs.
snapshot=snapshot
snapshot is "on" or "off" and allows to enable snapshot for given drive (see -snapshot).
cache=cache
cache is "none", "writeback", "unsafe", "directsync" or "writethrough" and controls how the host cache is used to access block
data.
aio=aio
aio is "threads", or "native" and selects between pthread based disk I/O and native Linux AIO.
format=format
Specify which disk format will be used rather than detecting the format. Can be used to specifiy format=raw to avoid interpreting
an untrusted format header.
serial=serial
This option specifies the serial number to assign to the device.
addr=addr
Specify the controller's PCI address (if=virtio only).
werror=action,rerror=action
Specify which action to take on write and read errors. Valid actions are: "ignore" (ignore the error and try to continue), "stop"
(pause QEMU), "report" (report the error to the guest), "enospc" (pause QEMU only if the host disk is full; report the error to the
guest otherwise). The default setting is werror=enospc and rerror=report.
readonly
Open drive file as read-only. Guest write attempts will fail.
copy-on-read=copy-on-read
copy-on-read is "on" or "off" and enables whether to copy read backing file sectors into the image file.
By default, writethrough caching is used for all block device. This means that the host page cache will be used to read and write data
but write notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been reported as written by the storage subsystem.
Writeback caching will report data writes as completed as soon as the data is present in the host page cache. This is safe as long as
you trust your host. If your host crashes or loses power, then the guest may experience data corruption.
The host page cache can be avoided entirely with cache=none. This will attempt to do disk IO directly to the guests memory. QEMU may
still perform an internal copy of the data.
The host page cache can be avoided while only sending write notifications to the guest when the data has been reported as written by
the storage subsystem using cache=directsync.
Some block drivers perform badly with cache=writethrough, most notably, qcow2. If performance is more important than correctness,
cache=writeback should be used with qcow2.
In case you don't care about data integrity over host failures, use cache=unsafe. This option tells QEMU that it never needs to write
any data to the disk but can instead keeps things in cache. If anything goes wrong, like your host losing power, the disk storage
getting disconnected accidentally, etc. you're image will most probably be rendered unusable. When using the -snapshot option, unsafe
caching is always used.
Copy-on-read avoids accessing the same backing file sectors repeatedly and is useful when the backing file is over a slow network. By
default copy-on-read is off.
Instead of -cdrom you can use:
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=2,media=cdrom
Instead of -hda, -hdb, -hdc, -hdd, you can use:
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=0,media=disk
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=1,media=disk
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=2,media=disk
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=3,media=disk
You can connect a CDROM to the slave of ide0:
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom
If you don't specify the "file=" argument, you define an empty drive:
qemu-system-i386 -drive if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom
You can connect a SCSI disk with unit ID 6 on the bus #0:
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,if=scsi,bus=0,unit=6
Instead of -fda, -fdb, you can use:
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=0,if=floppy
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=file,index=1,if=floppy
By default, interface is "ide" and index is automatically incremented:
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=a -drive file=b"
is interpreted like:
qemu-system-i386 -hda a -hdb b
-set
TODO
-global driver.prop=value
Set default value of driver's property prop to value, e.g.:
qemu-system-i386 -global ide-drive.physical_block_size=4096 -drive file=file,if=ide,index=0,media=disk
In particular, you can use this to set driver properties for devices which are created automatically by the machine model. To create a
device which is not created automatically and set properties on it, use -device.
-mtdblock file
Use file as on-board Flash memory image.
-sd file
Use file as SecureDigital card image.
-pflash file
Use file as a parallel flash image.
-boot [order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off][,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time]
Specify boot order drives as a string of drive letters. Valid drive letters depend on the target achitecture. The x86 PC uses: a, b
(floppy 1 and 2), c (first hard disk), d (first CD-ROM), n-p (Etherboot from network adapter 1-4), hard disk boot is the default. To
apply a particular boot order only on the first startup, specify it via once.
Interactive boot menus/prompts can be enabled via menu=on as far as firmware/BIOS supports them. The default is non-interactive boot.
A splash picture could be passed to bios, enabling user to show it as logo, when option splash=sp_name is given and menu=on, If
firmware/BIOS supports them. Currently Seabios for X86 system support it. limitation: The splash file could be a jpeg file or a BMP
file in 24 BPP format(true color). The resolution should be supported by the SVGA mode, so the recommended is 320x240, 640x480,
800x640.
# try to boot from network first, then from hard disk
qemu-system-i386 -boot order=nc
# boot from CD-ROM first, switch back to default order after reboot
qemu-system-i386 -boot once=d
# boot with a splash picture for 5 seconds.
qemu-system-i386 -boot menu=on,splash=/root/boot.bmp,splash-time=5000
Note: The legacy format '-boot drives' is still supported but its use is discouraged as it may be removed from future versions.
-snapshot
Write to temporary files instead of disk image files. In this case, the raw disk image you use is not written back. You can however
force the write back by pressing C-a s.
-m megs
Set virtual RAM size to megs megabytes. Default is 128 MiB. Optionally, a suffix of "M" or "G" can be used to signify a value in
megabytes or gigabytes respectively.
-mem-path path
Allocate guest RAM from a temporarily created file in path.
-mem-prealloc
Preallocate memory when using -mem-path.
-k language
Use keyboard layout language (for example "fr" for French). This option is only needed where it is not easy to get raw PC keycodes
(e.g. on Macs, with some X11 servers or with a VNC display). You don't normally need to use it on PC/Linux or PC/Windows hosts.
The available layouts are:
ar de-ch es fo fr-ca hu ja mk no pt-br sv
da en-gb et fr fr-ch is lt nl pl ru th
de en-us fi fr-be hr it lv nl-be pt sl tr
The default is "en-us".
-audio-help
Will show the audio subsystem help: list of drivers, tunable parameters.
-soundhw card1[,card2,...] or -soundhw all
Enable audio and selected sound hardware. Use ? to print all available sound hardware.
qemu-system-i386 -soundhw sb16,adlib disk.img
qemu-system-i386 -soundhw es1370 disk.img
qemu-system-i386 -soundhw ac97 disk.img
qemu-system-i386 -soundhw hda disk.img
qemu-system-i386 -soundhw all disk.img
qemu-system-i386 -soundhw ?
Note that Linux's i810_audio OSS kernel (for AC97) module might require manually specifying clocking.
modprobe i810_audio clocking=48000
-balloon none
Disable balloon device.
-balloon virtio[,addr=addr]
Enable virtio balloon device (default), optionally with PCI address addr.
USB options:
-usb
Enable the USB driver (will be the default soon)
-usbdevice devname
Add the USB device devname.
mouse
Virtual Mouse. This will override the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.
tablet
Pointer device that uses absolute coordinates (like a touchscreen). This means QEMU is able to report the mouse position without
having to grab the mouse. Also overrides the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.
disk:[format=format]:file
Mass storage device based on file. The optional format argument will be used rather than detecting the format. Can be used to
specifiy "format=raw" to avoid interpreting an untrusted format header.
host:bus.addr
Pass through the host device identified by bus.addr (Linux only).
host:vendor_id:product_id
Pass through the host device identified by vendor_id:product_id (Linux only).
serial:[vendorid=vendor_id][,productid=product_id]:dev
Serial converter to host character device dev, see "-serial" for the available devices.
braille
Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real or fake device.
net:options
Network adapter that supports CDC ethernet and RNDIS protocols.
-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
Add device driver. prop=value sets driver properties. Valid properties depend on the driver. To get help on possible drivers and
properties, use "-device ?" and "-device driver,?".
File system options:
-fsdev fsdriver,id=id,path=path,[security_model=security_model][,writeout=writeout][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd]
Define a new file system device. Valid options are:
fsdriver
This option specifies the fs driver backend to use. Currently "local", "handle" and "proxy" file system drivers are supported.
id=id
Specifies identifier for this device
path=path
Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files under this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest.
security_model=security_model
Specifies the security model to be used for this export path. Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr",
"mapped-file" and "none". In "passthrough" security model, files are stored using the same credentials as they are created on the
guest. This requires QEMU to run as root. In "mapped-xattr" security model, some of the file attributes like uid, gid, mode bits
and link target are stored as file attributes. For "mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the hidden .virtfs_metadata
directory. Directories exported by this security model cannot interact with other unix tools. "none" security model is same as
passthrough except the sever won't report failures if it fails to set file attributes like ownership. Security model is mandatory
only for local fsdriver. Other fsdrivers (like handle, proxy) don't take security model as a parameter.
writeout=writeout
This is an optional argument. The only supported value is "immediate". This means that host page cache will be used to read and
write data but write notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been reported as written by the storage
subsystem.
readonly
Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By default read-write access is given.
socket=socket
Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper
sock_fd=sock_fd
Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket descriptor for communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper. Usually a helper like
libvirt will create socketpair and pass one of the fds as sock_fd
-fsdev option is used along with -device driver "virtio-9p-pci".
-device virtio-9p-pci,fsdev=id,mount_tag=mount_tag
Options for virtio-9p-pci driver are:
fsdev=id
Specifies the id value specified along with -fsdev option
mount_tag=mount_tag
Specifies the tag name to be used by the guest to mount this export point
Virtual File system pass-through options:
-virtfs
fsdriver[,path=path],mount_tag=mount_tag[,security_model=security_model][,writeout=writeout][,readonly][,socket=socket|sock_fd=sock_fd]
The general form of a Virtual File system pass-through options are:
fsdriver
This option specifies the fs driver backend to use. Currently "local", "handle" and "proxy" file system drivers are supported.
id=id
Specifies identifier for this device
path=path
Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files under this path will be available to the 9p client on the guest.
security_model=security_model
Specifies the security model to be used for this export path. Supported security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr",
"mapped-file" and "none". In "passthrough" security model, files are stored using the same credentials as they are created on the
guest. This requires QEMU to run as root. In "mapped-xattr" security model, some of the file attributes like uid, gid, mode bits
and link target are stored as file attributes. For "mapped-file" these attributes are stored in the hidden .virtfs_metadata
directory. Directories exported by this security model cannot interact with other unix tools. "none" security model is same as
passthrough except the sever won't report failures if it fails to set file attributes like ownership. Security model is mandatory
only for local fsdriver. Other fsdrivers (like handle, proxy) don't take security model as a parameter.
writeout=writeout
This is an optional argument. The only supported value is "immediate". This means that host page cache will be used to read and
write data but write notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been reported as written by the storage
subsystem.
readonly
Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By default read-write access is given.
socket=socket
Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper. Usually a helper like libvirt
will create socketpair and pass one of the fds as sock_fd
sock_fd
Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed 'sock_fd' as the socket descriptor for interfacing with virtfs-proxy-helper
-virtfs_synth
Create synthetic file system image
-name name
Sets the name of the guest. This name will be displayed in the SDL window caption. The name will also be used for the VNC server.
Also optionally set the top visible process name in Linux.
-uuid uuid
Set system UUID.
Display options:
-display type
Select type of display to use. This option is a replacement for the old style -sdl/-curses/... options. Valid values for type are
sdl Display video output via SDL (usually in a separate graphics window; see the SDL documentation for other possibilities).
curses
Display video output via curses. For graphics device models which support a text mode, QEMU can display this output using a
curses/ncurses interface. Nothing is displayed when the graphics device is in graphical mode or if the graphics device does not
support a text mode. Generally only the VGA device models support text mode.
none
Do not display video output. The guest will still see an emulated graphics card, but its output will not be displayed to the QEMU
user. This option differs from the -nographic option in that it only affects what is done with video output; -nographic also
changes the destination of the serial and parallel port data.
vnc Start a VNC server on display <arg>
-nographic
Normally, QEMU uses SDL to display the VGA output. With this option, you can totally disable graphical output so that QEMU is a simple
command line application. The emulated serial port is redirected on the console. Therefore, you can still use QEMU to debug a Linux
kernel with a serial console.
-curses
Normally, QEMU uses SDL to display the VGA output. With this option, QEMU can display the VGA output when in text mode using a
curses/ncurses interface. Nothing is displayed in graphical mode.
-no-frame
Do not use decorations for SDL windows and start them using the whole available screen space. This makes the using QEMU in a dedicated
desktop workspace more convenient.
-alt-grab
Use Ctrl-Alt-Shift to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt). Note that this also affects the special keys (for fullscreen, monitor-mode
switching, etc).
-ctrl-grab
Use Right-Ctrl to grab mouse (instead of Ctrl-Alt). Note that this also affects the special keys (for fullscreen, monitor-mode
switching, etc).
-no-quit
Disable SDL window close capability.
-sdl
Enable SDL.
-spice option[,option[,...]]
Enable the spice remote desktop protocol. Valid options are
port=<nr>
Set the TCP port spice is listening on for plaintext channels.
addr=<addr>
Set the IP address spice is listening on. Default is any address.
ipv4
ipv6
Force using the specified IP version.
password=<secret>
Set the password you need to authenticate.
sasl
Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the spice. The exact choice of authentication method used is controlled from
the system / user's SASL configuration file for the 'qemu' service. This is typically found in /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running
QEMU as an unprivileged user, an environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used to make it search alternate locations for the
service config. While some SASL auth methods can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI), it is recommended that SASL always be
combined with the 'tls' and 'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server certificates. This ensures a data encryption preventing
compromise of authentication credentials.
disable-ticketing
Allow client connects without authentication.
disable-copy-paste
Disable copy paste between the client and the guest.
tls-port=<nr>
Set the TCP port spice is listening on for encrypted channels.
x509-dir=<dir>
Set the x509 file directory. Expects same filenames as -vnc $display,x509=$dir
x509-key-file=<file>
x509-key-password=<file>
x509-cert-file=<file>
x509-cacert-file=<file>
x509-dh-key-file=<file>
The x509 file names can also be configured individually.
tls-ciphers=<list>
Specify which ciphers to use.
tls-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]
plaintext-channel=[main|display|cursor|inputs|record|playback]
Force specific channel to be used with or without TLS encryption. The options can be specified multiple times to configure
multiple channels. The special name "default" can be used to set the default mode. For channels which are not explicitly forced
into one mode the spice client is allowed to pick tls/plaintext as he pleases.
image-compression=[auto_glz|auto_lz|quic|glz|lz|off]
Configure image compression (lossless). Default is auto_glz.
jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]
zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]
Configure wan image compression (lossy for slow links). Default is auto.
streaming-video=[off|all|filter]
Configure video stream detection. Default is filter.
agent-mouse=[on|off]
Enable/disable passing mouse events via vdagent. Default is on.
playback-compression=[on|off]
Enable/disable audio stream compression (using celt 0.5.1). Default is on.
-portrait
Rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD).
-rotate
Rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD).
-vga type
Select type of VGA card to emulate. Valid values for type are
cirrus
Cirrus Logic GD5446 Video card. All Windows versions starting from Windows 95 should recognize and use this graphic card. For
optimal performances, use 16 bit color depth in the guest and the host OS. (This one is the default)
std Standard VGA card with Bochs VBE extensions. If your guest OS supports the VESA 2.0 VBE extensions (e.g. Windows XP) and if you
want to use high resolution modes (>= 1280x1024x16) then you should use this option.
vmware
VMWare SVGA-II compatible adapter. Use it if you have sufficiently recent XFree86/XOrg server or Windows guest with a driver for
this card.
qxl QXL paravirtual graphic card. It is VGA compatible (including VESA 2.0 VBE support). Works best with qxl guest drivers installed
though. Recommended choice when using the spice protocol.
none
Disable VGA card.
-full-screen
Start in full screen.
-g widthxheight[xdepth]
Set the initial graphical resolution and depth (PPC, SPARC only).
-vnc display[,option[,option[,...]]]
Normally, QEMU uses SDL to display the VGA output. With this option, you can have QEMU listen on VNC display display and redirect the
VGA display over the VNC session. It is very useful to enable the usb tablet device when using this option (option -usbdevice tablet).
When using the VNC display, you must use the -k parameter to set the keyboard layout if you are not using en-us. Valid syntax for the
display is
host:d
TCP connections will only be allowed from host on display d. By convention the TCP port is 5900+d. Optionally, host can be omitted
in which case the server will accept connections from any host.
unix:path
Connections will be allowed over UNIX domain sockets where path is the location of a unix socket to listen for connections on.
none
VNC is initialized but not started. The monitor "change" command can be used to later start the VNC server.
Following the display value there may be one or more option flags separated by commas. Valid options are
reverse
Connect to a listening VNC client via a "reverse" connection. The client is specified by the display. For reverse network
connections (host:d,"reverse"), the d argument is a TCP port number, not a display number.
password
Require that password based authentication is used for client connections. The password must be set separately using the "change"
command in the pcsys_monitor
tls Require that client use TLS when communicating with the VNC server. This uses anonymous TLS credentials so is susceptible to a man-
in-the-middle attack. It is recommended that this option be combined with either the x509 or x509verify options.
x509=/path/to/certificate/dir
Valid if tls is specified. Require that x509 credentials are used for negotiating the TLS session. The server will send its x509
certificate to the client. It is recommended that a password be set on the VNC server to provide authentication of the client when
this is used. The path following this option specifies where the x509 certificates are to be loaded from. See the vnc_security
section for details on generating certificates.
x509verify=/path/to/certificate/dir
Valid if tls is specified. Require that x509 credentials are used for negotiating the TLS session. The server will send its x509
certificate to the client, and request that the client send its own x509 certificate. The server will validate the client's
certificate against the CA certificate, and reject clients when validation fails. If the certificate authority is trusted, this is
a sufficient authentication mechanism. You may still wish to set a password on the VNC server as a second authentication layer. The
path following this option specifies where the x509 certificates are to be loaded from. See the vnc_security section for details on
generating certificates.
sasl
Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the VNC server. The exact choice of authentication method used is controlled
from the system / user's SASL configuration file for the 'qemu' service. This is typically found in /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If
running QEMU as an unprivileged user, an environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used to make it search alternate locations for
the service config. While some SASL auth methods can also provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI), it is recommended that SASL always
be combined with the 'tls' and 'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server certificates. This ensures a data encryption
preventing compromise of authentication credentials. See the vnc_security section for details on using SASL authentication.
acl Turn on access control lists for checking of the x509 client certificate and SASL party. For x509 certs, the ACL check is made
against the certificate's distinguished name. This is something that looks like "C=GB,O=ACME,L=Boston,CN=bob". For SASL party, the
ACL check is made against the username, which depending on the SASL plugin, may include a realm component, eg "bob" or
"bob@EXAMPLE.COM". When the acl flag is set, the initial access list will be empty, with a "deny" policy. Thus no one will be
allowed to use the VNC server until the ACLs have been loaded. This can be achieved using the "acl" monitor command.
lossy
Enable lossy compression methods (gradient, JPEG, ...). If this option is set, VNC client may receive lossy framebuffer updates
depending on its encoding settings. Enabling this option can save a lot of bandwidth at the expense of quality.
non-adaptive
Disable adaptive encodings. Adaptive encodings are enabled by default. An adaptive encoding will try to detect frequently updated
screen regions, and send updates in these regions using a lossy encoding (like JPEG). This can be really helpful to save bandwidth
when playing videos. Disabling adaptive encodings allows to restore the original static behavior of encodings like Tight.
share=[allow-exclusive|force-shared|ignore]
Set display sharing policy. 'allow-exclusive' allows clients to ask for exclusive access. As suggested by the rfb spec this is
implemented by dropping other connections. Connecting multiple clients in parallel requires all clients asking for a shared
session (vncviewer: -shared switch). This is the default. 'force-shared' disables exclusive client access. Useful for shared
desktop sessions, where you don't want someone forgetting specify -shared disconnect everybody else. 'ignore' completely ignores
the shared flag and allows everybody connect unconditionally. Doesn't conform to the rfb spec but is traditional QEMU behavior.
i386 target only:
-win2k-hack
Use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug. After Windows 2000 is installed, you no longer need this option (this
option slows down the IDE transfers).
-no-fd-bootchk
Disable boot signature checking for floppy disks in Bochs BIOS. It may be needed to boot from old floppy disks. TODO: check reference
to Bochs BIOS.
-no-acpi
Disable ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) support. Use it if your guest OS complains about ACPI problems (PC target
machine only).
-no-hpet
Disable HPET support.
-acpitable [sig=str][,rev=n][,oem_id=str][,oem_table_id=str][,oem_rev=n]
[,asl_compiler_id=str][,asl_compiler_rev=n][,data=file1[:file2]...]
Add ACPI table with specified header fields and context from specified files. For file=, take whole ACPI table from the specified
files, including all ACPI headers (possible overridden by other options). For data=, only data portion of the table is used, all
header information is specified in the command line.
-smbios file=binary
Load SMBIOS entry from binary file.
-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d]
Specify SMBIOS type 0 fields
-smbios type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str] [,version=str][,serial=str][,uuid=uuid][,sku=str] [,family=str]
Specify SMBIOS type 1 fields
Network options:
-net nic[,vlan=n][,macaddr=mac][,model=type] [,name=name][,addr=addr][,vectors=v]
Create a new Network Interface Card and connect it to VLAN n (n = 0 is the default). The NIC is an e1000 by default on the PC target.
Optionally, the MAC address can be changed to mac, the device address set to addr (PCI cards only), and a name can be assigned for use
in monitor commands. Optionally, for PCI cards, you can specify the number v of MSI-X vectors that the card should have; this option
currently only affects virtio cards; set v = 0 to disable MSI-X. If no -net option is specified, a single NIC is created. QEMU can
emulate several different models of network card. Valid values for type are "virtio", "i82551", "i82557b", "i82559er", "ne2k_pci",
"ne2k_isa", "pcnet", "rtl8139", "e1000", "smc91c111", "lance" and "mcf_fec". Not all devices are supported on all targets. Use -net
nic,model=? for a list of available devices for your target.
-netdev user,id=id[,option][,option][,...]
-net user[,option][,option][,...]
Use the user mode network stack which requires no administrator privilege to run. Valid options are:
vlan=n
Connect user mode stack to VLAN n (n = 0 is the default).
id=id
name=name
Assign symbolic name for use in monitor commands.
net=addr[/mask]
Set IP network address the guest will see. Optionally specify the netmask, either in the form a.b.c.d or as number of valid top-
most bits. Default is 10.0.2.0/24.
host=addr
Specify the guest-visible address of the host. Default is the 2nd IP in the guest network, i.e. x.x.x.2.
restrict=on|off
If this option is enabled, the guest will be isolated, i.e. it will not be able to contact the host and no guest IP packets will be
routed over the host to the outside. This option does not affect any explicitly set forwarding rules.
hostname=name
Specifies the client hostname reported by the builtin DHCP server.
dhcpstart=addr
Specify the first of the 16 IPs the built-in DHCP server can assign. Default is the 15th to 31st IP in the guest network, i.e.
x.x.x.15 to x.x.x.31.
dns=addr
Specify the guest-visible address of the virtual nameserver. The address must be different from the host address. Default is the
3rd IP in the guest network, i.e. x.x.x.3.
tftp=dir
When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in TFTP server. The files in dir will be exposed as the root of a TFTP
server. The TFTP client on the guest must be configured in binary mode (use the command "bin" of the Unix TFTP client).
bootfile=file
When using the user mode network stack, broadcast file as the BOOTP filename. In conjunction with tftp, this can be used to network
boot a guest from a local directory.
Example (using pxelinux):
qemu-system-i386 -hda linux.img -boot n -net user,tftp=/path/to/tftp/files,bootfile=/pxelinux.0
smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]
When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in SMB server so that Windows OSes can access to the host files in dir
transparently. The IP address of the SMB server can be set to addr. By default the 4th IP in the guest network is used, i.e.
x.x.x.4.
In the guest Windows OS, the line:
10.0.2.4 smbserver
must be added in the file C:WINDOWSLMHOSTS (for windows 9x/Me) or C:WINNTSYSTEM32DRIVERSETCLMHOSTS (Windows NT/2000).
Then dir can be accessed in smbserverqemu.
Note that a SAMBA server must be installed on the host OS. QEMU was tested successfully with smbd versions from Red Hat 9, Fedora
Core 3 and OpenSUSE 11.x.
hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[hostaddr]:hostport-[guestaddr]:guestport
Redirect incoming TCP or UDP connections to the host port hostport to the guest IP address guestaddr on guest port guestport. If
guestaddr is not specified, its value is x.x.x.15 (default first address given by the built-in DHCP server). By specifying
hostaddr, the rule can be bound to a specific host interface. If no connection type is set, TCP is used. This option can be given
multiple times.
For example, to redirect host X11 connection from screen 1 to guest screen 0, use the following:
# on the host
qemu-system-i386 -net user,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:6001-:6000 [...]
# this host xterm should open in the guest X11 server
xterm -display :1
To redirect telnet connections from host port 5555 to telnet port on the guest, use the following:
# on the host
qemu-system-i386 -net user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:23 [...]
telnet localhost 5555
Then when you use on the host "telnet localhost 5555", you connect to the guest telnet server.
guestfwd=[tcp]:server:port-dev
Forward guest TCP connections to the IP address server on port port to the character device dev. This option can be given multiple
times.
Note: Legacy stand-alone options -tftp, -bootp, -smb and -redir are still processed and applied to -net user. Mixing them with the new
configuration syntax gives undefined results. Their use for new applications is discouraged as they will be removed from future
versions.
-netdev tap,id=id[,fd=h][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile][,helper=helper]
-net tap[,vlan=n][,name=name][,fd=h][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile][,helper=helper]
Connect the host TAP network interface name to VLAN n.
Use the network script file to configure it and the network script dfile to deconfigure it. If name is not provided, the OS
automatically provides one. The default network configure script is /etc/qemu-ifup and the default network deconfigure script is
/etc/qemu-ifdown. Use script=no or downscript=no to disable script execution.
If running QEMU as an unprivileged user, use the network helper helper to configure the TAP interface. The default network helper
executable is /usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper.
fd=h can be used to specify the handle of an already opened host TAP interface.
Examples:
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network script
qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net nic -net tap
#launch a QEMU instance with two NICs, each one connected
#to a TAP device
qemu-system-i386 linux.img
-net nic,vlan=0 -net tap,vlan=0,ifname=tap0
-net nic,vlan=1 -net tap,vlan=1,ifname=tap1
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge br0
qemu-system-i386 linux.img
-net nic -net tap,"helper=/usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper"
-netdev bridge,id=id[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
-net bridge[,vlan=n][,name=name][,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
Connect a host TAP network interface to a host bridge device.
Use the network helper helper to configure the TAP interface and attach it to the bridge. The default network helper executable is
/usr/local/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper and the default bridge device is br0.
Examples:
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge br0
qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net bridge -net nic,model=virtio
#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge qemubr0
qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net bridge,br=qemubr0 -net nic,model=virtio
-netdev socket,id=id[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
-net socket[,vlan=n][,name=name][,fd=h] [,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
Connect the VLAN n to a remote VLAN in another QEMU virtual machine using a TCP socket connection. If listen is specified, QEMU waits
for incoming connections on port (host is optional). connect is used to connect to another QEMU instance using the listen option. fd=h
specifies an already opened TCP socket.
Example:
# launch a first QEMU instance
qemu-system-i386 linux.img
-net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56
-net socket,listen=:1234
# connect the VLAN 0 of this instance to the VLAN 0
# of the first instance
qemu-system-i386 linux.img
-net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:57
-net socket,connect=127.0.0.1:1234
-netdev socket,id=id[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
-net socket[,vlan=n][,name=name][,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
Create a VLAN n shared with another QEMU virtual machines using a UDP multicast socket, effectively making a bus for every QEMU with
same multicast address maddr and port. NOTES:
1. Several QEMU can be running on different hosts and share same bus (assuming correct multicast setup for these hosts).
2. mcast support is compatible with User Mode Linux (argument ethN=mcast), see <http://user-mode-linux.sf.net>.
3. Use fd=h to specify an already opened UDP multicast socket.
Example:
# launch one QEMU instance
qemu-system-i386 linux.img
-net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56
-net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
# launch another QEMU instance on same "bus"
qemu-system-i386 linux.img
-net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:57
-net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
# launch yet another QEMU instance on same "bus"
qemu-system-i386 linux.img
-net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:58
-net socket,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
Example (User Mode Linux compat.):
# launch QEMU instance (note mcast address selected
# is UML's default)
qemu-system-i386 linux.img
-net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56
-net socket,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102
# launch UML
/path/to/linux ubd0=/path/to/root_fs eth0=mcast
Example (send packets from host's 1.2.3.4):
qemu-system-i386 linux.img
-net nic,macaddr=52:54:00:12:34:56
-net socket,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102,localaddr=1.2.3.4
-netdev vde,id=id[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
-net vde[,vlan=n][,name=name][,sock=socketpath] [,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
Connect VLAN n to PORT n of a vde switch running on host and listening for incoming connections on socketpath. Use GROUP groupname and
MODE octalmode to change default ownership and permissions for communication port. This option is only available if QEMU has been
compiled with vde support enabled.
Example:
# launch vde switch
vde_switch -F -sock /tmp/myswitch
# launch QEMU instance
qemu-system-i386 linux.img -net nic -net vde,sock=/tmp/myswitch
-net dump[,vlan=n][,file=file][,len=len]
Dump network traffic on VLAN n to file file (qemu-vlan0.pcap by default). At most len bytes (64k by default) per packet are stored.
The file format is libpcap, so it can be analyzed with tools such as tcpdump or Wireshark.
-net none
Indicate that no network devices should be configured. It is used to override the default configuration (-net nic -net user) which is
activated if no -net options are provided.
Character device options:
The general form of a character device option is:
-chardev backend ,id=id [,mux=on|off] [,options]
Backend is one of: null, socket, udp, msmouse, vc, file, pipe, console, serial, pty, stdio, braille, tty, parport, spicevmc. The
specific backend will determine the applicable options.
All devices must have an id, which can be any string up to 127 characters long. It is used to uniquely identify this device in other
command line directives.
A character device may be used in multiplexing mode by multiple front-ends. The key sequence of Control-a and c will rotate the input
focus between attached front-ends. Specify mux=on to enable this mode.
Options to each backend are described below.
-chardev null ,id=id
A void device. This device will not emit any data, and will drop any data it receives. The null backend does not take any options.
-chardev socket ,id=id [TCP options or unix options] [,server] [,nowait] [,telnet]
Create a two-way stream socket, which can be either a TCP or a unix socket. A unix socket will be created if path is specified.
Behaviour is undefined if TCP options are specified for a unix socket.
server specifies that the socket shall be a listening socket.
nowait specifies that QEMU should not block waiting for a client to connect to a listening socket.
telnet specifies that traffic on the socket should interpret telnet escape sequences.
TCP and unix socket options are given below:
TCP options: port=port [,host=host] [,to=to] [,ipv4] [,ipv6] [,nodelay]
host for a listening socket specifies the local address to be bound. For a connecting socket species the remote host to connect
to. host is optional for listening sockets. If not specified it defaults to 0.0.0.0.
port for a listening socket specifies the local port to be bound. For a connecting socket specifies the port on the remote host to
connect to. port can be given as either a port number or a service name. port is required.
to is only relevant to listening sockets. If it is specified, and port cannot be bound, QEMU will attempt to bind to subsequent
ports up to and including to until it succeeds. to must be specified as a port number.
ipv4 and ipv6 specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be used. If neither is specified the socket may use either protocol.
nodelay disables the Nagle algorithm.
unix options: path=path
path specifies the local path of the unix socket. path is required.
-chardev udp ,id=id [,host=host] ,port=port [,localaddr=localaddr] [,localport=localport] [,ipv4] [,ipv6]
Sends all traffic from the guest to a remote host over UDP.
host specifies the remote host to connect to. If not specified it defaults to "localhost".
port specifies the port on the remote host to connect to. port is required.
localaddr specifies the local address to bind to. If not specified it defaults to 0.0.0.0.
localport specifies the local port to bind to. If not specified any available local port will be used.
ipv4 and ipv6 specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be used. If neither is specified the device may use either protocol.
-chardev msmouse ,id=id
Forward QEMU's emulated msmouse events to the guest. msmouse does not take any options.
-chardev vc ,id=id [[,width=width] [,height=height]] [[,cols=cols] [,rows=rows]]
Connect to a QEMU text console. vc may optionally be given a specific size.
width and height specify the width and height respectively of the console, in pixels.
cols and rows specify that the console be sized to fit a text console with the given dimensions.
-chardev file ,id=id ,path=path
Log all traffic received from the guest to a file.
path specifies the path of the file to be opened. This file will be created if it does not already exist, and overwritten if it does.
path is required.
-chardev pipe ,id=id ,path=path
Create a two-way connection to the guest. The behaviour differs slightly between Windows hosts and other hosts:
On Windows, a single duplex pipe will be created at .pipepath.
On other hosts, 2 pipes will be created called path.in and path.out. Data written to path.in will be received by the guest. Data
written by the guest can be read from path.out. QEMU will not create these fifos, and requires them to be present.
path forms part of the pipe path as described above. path is required.
-chardev console ,id=id
Send traffic from the guest to QEMU's standard output. console does not take any options.
console is only available on Windows hosts.
-chardev serial ,id=id ,path=path
Send traffic from the guest to a serial device on the host.
serial is only available on Windows hosts.
path specifies the name of the serial device to open.
-chardev pty ,id=id
Create a new pseudo-terminal on the host and connect to it. pty does not take any options.
pty is not available on Windows hosts.
-chardev stdio ,id=id [,signal=on|off]
Connect to standard input and standard output of the QEMU process.
signal controls if signals are enabled on the terminal, that includes exiting QEMU with the key sequence Control-c. This option is
enabled by default, use signal=off to disable it.
stdio is not available on Windows hosts.
-chardev braille ,id=id
Connect to a local BrlAPI server. braille does not take any options.
-chardev tty ,id=id ,path=path
Connect to a local tty device.
tty is only available on Linux, Sun, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and DragonFlyBSD hosts.
path specifies the path to the tty. path is required.
-chardev parport ,id=id ,path=path
parport is only available on Linux, FreeBSD and DragonFlyBSD hosts.
Connect to a local parallel port.
path specifies the path to the parallel port device. path is required.
-chardev spicevmc ,id=id ,debug=debug, name=name
spicevmc is only available when spice support is built in.
debug debug level for spicevmc
name name of spice channel to connect to
Connect to a spice virtual machine channel, such as vdiport.
Device URL Syntax:
In addition to using normal file images for the emulated storage devices, QEMU can also use networked resources such as iSCSI devices.
These are specified using a special URL syntax.
iSCSI
iSCSI support allows QEMU to access iSCSI resources directly and use as images for the guest storage. Both disk and cdrom images are
supported.
Syntax for specifying iSCSI LUNs is "iscsi://<target-ip>[:<port>]/<target-iqn>/<lun>"
Example (without authentication):
qemu-system-i386 -iscsi initiator-name=iqn.2001-04.com.example:my-initiator
-cdrom iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/2
-drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1
Example (CHAP username/password via URL):
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=iscsi://user%password@192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1
Example (CHAP username/password via environment variables):
LIBISCSI_CHAP_USERNAME="user"
LIBISCSI_CHAP_PASSWORD="password"
qemu-system-i386 -drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1
iSCSI support is an optional feature of QEMU and only available when compiled and linked against libiscsi.
NBD QEMU supports NBD (Network Block Devices) both using TCP protocol as well as Unix Domain Sockets.
Syntax for specifying a NBD device using TCP "nbd:<server-ip>:<port>[:exportname=<export>]"
Syntax for specifying a NBD device using Unix Domain Sockets "nbd:unix:<domain-socket>[:exportname=<export>]"
Example for TCP
qemu-system-i386 --drive file=nbd:192.0.2.1:30000
Example for Unix Domain Sockets
qemu-system-i386 --drive file=nbd:unix:/tmp/nbd-socket
Sheepdog
Sheepdog is a distributed storage system for QEMU. QEMU supports using either local sheepdog devices or remote networked devices.
Syntax for specifying a sheepdog device
"sheepdog:<vdiname>"
"sheepdog:<vdiname>:<snapid>"
"sheepdog:<vdiname>:<tag>"
"sheepdog:<host>:<port>:<vdiname>"
"sheepdog:<host>:<port>:<vdiname>:<snapid>"
"sheepdog:<host>:<port>:<vdiname>:<tag>"
Example
qemu-system-i386 --drive file=sheepdog:192.0.2.1:30000:MyVirtualMachine
See also <http://http://www.osrg.net/sheepdog/>.
Bluetooth(R) options:
-bt hci[...]
Defines the function of the corresponding Bluetooth HCI. -bt options are matched with the HCIs present in the chosen machine type.
For example when emulating a machine with only one HCI built into it, only the first "-bt hci[...]" option is valid and defines the
HCI's logic. The Transport Layer is decided by the machine type. Currently the machines "n800" and "n810" have one HCI and all other
machines have none.
The following three types are recognized:
-bt hci,null
(default) The corresponding Bluetooth HCI assumes no internal logic and will not respond to any HCI commands or emit events.
-bt hci,host[:id]
("bluez" only) The corresponding HCI passes commands / events to / from the physical HCI identified by the name id (default:
"hci0") on the computer running QEMU. Only available on "bluez" capable systems like Linux.
-bt hci[,vlan=n]
Add a virtual, standard HCI that will participate in the Bluetooth scatternet n (default 0). Similarly to -net VLANs, devices
inside a bluetooth network n can only communicate with other devices in the same network (scatternet).
-bt vhci[,vlan=n]
(Linux-host only) Create a HCI in scatternet n (default 0) attached to the host bluetooth stack instead of to the emulated target.
This allows the host and target machines to participate in a common scatternet and communicate. Requires the Linux "vhci" driver
installed. Can be used as following:
qemu-system-i386 [...OPTIONS...] -bt hci,vlan=5 -bt vhci,vlan=5
-bt device:dev[,vlan=n]
Emulate a bluetooth device dev and place it in network n (default 0). QEMU can only emulate one type of bluetooth devices currently:
keyboard
Virtual wireless keyboard implementing the HIDP bluetooth profile.
Linux/Multiboot boot specific:
When using these options, you can use a given Linux or Multiboot kernel without installing it in the disk image. It can be useful for
easier testing of various kernels.
-kernel bzImage
Use bzImage as kernel image. The kernel can be either a Linux kernel or in multiboot format.
-append cmdline
Use cmdline as kernel command line
-initrd file
Use file as initial ram disk.
-initrd "file1 arg=foo,file2"
This syntax is only available with multiboot.
Use file1 and file2 as modules and pass arg=foo as parameter to the first module.
-dtb file
Use file as a device tree binary (dtb) image and pass it to the kernel on boot.
Debug/Expert options:
-serial dev
Redirect the virtual serial port to host character device dev. The default device is "vc" in graphical mode and "stdio" in non
graphical mode.
This option can be used several times to simulate up to 4 serial ports.
Use "-serial none" to disable all serial ports.
Available character devices are:
vc[:WxH]
Virtual console. Optionally, a width and height can be given in pixel with
vc:800x600
It is also possible to specify width or height in characters:
vc:80Cx24C
pty [Linux only] Pseudo TTY (a new PTY is automatically allocated)
none
No device is allocated.
null
void device
/dev/XXX
[Linux only] Use host tty, e.g. /dev/ttyS0. The host serial port parameters are set according to the emulated ones.
/dev/parportN
[Linux only, parallel port only] Use host parallel port N. Currently SPP and EPP parallel port features can be used.
file:filename
Write output to filename. No character can be read.
stdio
[Unix only] standard input/output
pipe:filename
name pipe filename
COMn
[Windows only] Use host serial port n
udp:[remote_host]:remote_port[@[src_ip]:src_port]
This implements UDP Net Console. When remote_host or src_ip are not specified they default to 0.0.0.0. When not using a specified
src_port a random port is automatically chosen.
If you just want a simple readonly console you can use "netcat" or "nc", by starting QEMU with: "-serial udp::4555" and nc as: "nc
-u -l -p 4555". Any time QEMU writes something to that port it will appear in the netconsole session.
If you plan to send characters back via netconsole or you want to stop and start QEMU a lot of times, you should have QEMU use the
same source port each time by using something like "-serial udp::4555@4556" to QEMU. Another approach is to use a patched version
of netcat which can listen to a TCP port and send and receive characters via udp. If you have a patched version of netcat which
activates telnet remote echo and single char transfer, then you can use the following options to step up a netcat redirector to
allow telnet on port 5555 to access the QEMU port.
"QEMU Options:"
-serial udp::4555@4556
"netcat options:"
-u -P 4555 -L 0.0.0.0:4556 -t -p 5555 -I -T
"telnet options:"
localhost 5555
tcp:[host]:port[,server][,nowait][,nodelay]
The TCP Net Console has two modes of operation. It can send the serial I/O to a location or wait for a connection from a location.
By default the TCP Net Console is sent to host at the port. If you use the server option QEMU will wait for a client socket
application to connect to the port before continuing, unless the "nowait" option was specified. The "nodelay" option disables the
Nagle buffering algorithm. If host is omitted, 0.0.0.0 is assumed. Only one TCP connection at a time is accepted. You can use
"telnet" to connect to the corresponding character device.
"Example to send tcp console to 192.168.0.2 port 4444"
-serial tcp:192.168.0.2:4444
"Example to listen and wait on port 4444 for connection"
-serial tcp::4444,server
"Example to not wait and listen on ip 192.168.0.100 port 4444"
-serial tcp:192.168.0.100:4444,server,nowait
telnet:host:port[,server][,nowait][,nodelay]
The telnet protocol is used instead of raw tcp sockets. The options work the same as if you had specified "-serial tcp". The
difference is that the port acts like a telnet server or client using telnet option negotiation. This will also allow you to send
the MAGIC_SYSRQ sequence if you use a telnet that supports sending the break sequence. Typically in unix telnet you do it with
Control-] and then type "send break" followed by pressing the enter key.
unix:path[,server][,nowait]
A unix domain socket is used instead of a tcp socket. The option works the same as if you had specified "-serial tcp" except the
unix domain socket path is used for connections.
mon:dev_string
This is a special option to allow the monitor to be multiplexed onto another serial port. The monitor is accessed with key
sequence of Control-a and then pressing c. See monitor access pcsys_keys in the -nographic section for more keys. dev_string
should be any one of the serial devices specified above. An example to multiplex the monitor onto a telnet server listening on
port 4444 would be:
"-serial mon:telnet::4444,server,nowait"
braille
Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real or fake device.
msmouse
Three button serial mouse. Configure the guest to use Microsoft protocol.
-parallel dev
Redirect the virtual parallel port to host device dev (same devices as the serial port). On Linux hosts, /dev/parportN can be used to
use hardware devices connected on the corresponding host parallel port.
This option can be used several times to simulate up to 3 parallel ports.
Use "-parallel none" to disable all parallel ports.
-monitor dev
Redirect the monitor to host device dev (same devices as the serial port). The default device is "vc" in graphical mode and "stdio" in
non graphical mode.
-qmp dev
Like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode.
-mon chardev=[name][,mode=readline|control][,default]
Setup monitor on chardev name.
-debugcon dev
Redirect the debug console to host device dev (same devices as the serial port). The debug console is an I/O port which is typically
port 0xe9; writing to that I/O port sends output to this device. The default device is "vc" in graphical mode and "stdio" in non
graphical mode.
-pidfile file
Store the QEMU process PID in file. It is useful if you launch QEMU from a script.
-singlestep
Run the emulation in single step mode.
-S Do not start CPU at startup (you must type 'c' in the monitor).
-gdb dev
Wait for gdb connection on device dev. Typical connections will likely be TCP-based, but also UDP, pseudo TTY, or even stdio are
reasonable use case. The latter is allowing to start QEMU from within gdb and establish the connection via a pipe:
(gdb) target remote | exec qemu-system-i386 -gdb stdio ...
-s Shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234, i.e. open a gdbserver on TCP port 1234.
-d Output log in /tmp/qemu.log
-D logfile
Output log in logfile instead of /tmp/qemu.log
-hdachs c,h,s,[,t]
Force hard disk 0 physical geometry (1 <= c <= 16383, 1 <= h <= 16, 1 <= s <= 63) and optionally force the BIOS translation mode
(t=none, lba or auto). Usually QEMU can guess all those parameters. This option is useful for old MS-DOS disk images.
-L path
Set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps.
-bios file
Set the filename for the BIOS.
-enable-kvm
Enable KVM full virtualization support. This option is only available if KVM support is enabled when compiling.
-xen-domid id
Specify xen guest domain id (XEN only).
-xen-create
Create domain using xen hypercalls, bypassing xend. Warning: should not be used when xend is in use (XEN only).
-xen-attach
Attach to existing xen domain. xend will use this when starting QEMU (XEN only).
-no-reboot
Exit instead of rebooting.
-no-shutdown
Don't exit QEMU on guest shutdown, but instead only stop the emulation. This allows for instance switching to monitor to commit
changes to the disk image.
-loadvm file
Start right away with a saved state ("loadvm" in monitor)
-daemonize
Daemonize the QEMU process after initialization. QEMU will not detach from standard IO until it is ready to receive connections on any
of its devices. This option is a useful way for external programs to launch QEMU without having to cope with initialization race
conditions.
-option-rom file
Load the contents of file as an option ROM. This option is useful to load things like EtherBoot.
-clock method
Force the use of the given methods for timer alarm. To see what timers are available use -clock ?.
-rtc [base=utc|localtime|date][,clock=host|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
Specify base as "utc" or "localtime" to let the RTC start at the current UTC or local time, respectively. "localtime" is required for
correct date in MS-DOS or Windows. To start at a specific point in time, provide date in the format "2006-06-17T16:01:21" or
"2006-06-17". The default base is UTC.
By default the RTC is driven by the host system time. This allows to use the RTC as accurate reference clock inside the guest,
specifically if the host time is smoothly following an accurate external reference clock, e.g. via NTP. If you want to isolate the
guest time from the host, you can set clock to "rt" instead. To even prevent it from progressing during suspension, you can set it to
"vm".
Enable driftfix (i386 targets only) if you experience time drift problems, specifically with Windows' ACPI HAL. This option will try to
figure out how many timer interrupts were not processed by the Windows guest and will re-inject them.
-icount [N|auto]
Enable virtual instruction counter. The virtual cpu will execute one instruction every 2^N ns of virtual time. If "auto" is specified
then the virtual cpu speed will be automatically adjusted to keep virtual time within a few seconds of real time.
Note that while this option can give deterministic behavior, it does not provide cycle accurate emulation. Modern CPUs contain
superscalar out of order cores with complex cache hierarchies. The number of instructions executed often has little or no correlation
with actual performance.
-watchdog model
Create a virtual hardware watchdog device. Once enabled (by a guest action), the watchdog must be periodically polled by an agent
inside the guest or else the guest will be restarted.
The model is the model of hardware watchdog to emulate. Choices for model are: "ib700" (iBASE 700) which is a very simple ISA watchdog
with a single timer, or "i6300esb" (Intel 6300ESB I/O controller hub) which is a much more featureful PCI-based dual-timer watchdog.
Choose a model for which your guest has drivers.
Use "-watchdog ?" to list available hardware models. Only one watchdog can be enabled for a guest.
-watchdog-action action
The action controls what QEMU will do when the watchdog timer expires. The default is "reset" (forcefully reset the guest). Other
possible actions are: "shutdown" (attempt to gracefully shutdown the guest), "poweroff" (forcefully poweroff the guest), "pause" (pause
the guest), "debug" (print a debug message and continue), or "none" (do nothing).
Note that the "shutdown" action requires that the guest responds to ACPI signals, which it may not be able to do in the sort of
situations where the watchdog would have expired, and thus "-watchdog-action shutdown" is not recommended for production use.
Examples:
"-watchdog i6300esb -watchdog-action pause"
"-watchdog ib700"
-echr numeric_ascii_value
Change the escape character used for switching to the monitor when using monitor and serial sharing. The default is 0x01 when using
the "-nographic" option. 0x01 is equal to pressing "Control-a". You can select a different character from the ascii control keys
where 1 through 26 map to Control-a through Control-z. For instance you could use the either of the following to change the escape
character to Control-t.
"-echr 0x14"
"-echr 20"
-virtioconsole c
Set virtio console.
This option is maintained for backward compatibility.
Please use "-device virtconsole" for the new way of invocation.
-show-cursor
Show cursor.
-tb-size n
Set TB size.
-incoming port
Prepare for incoming migration, listen on port.
-nodefaults
Don't create default devices.
-chroot dir
Immediately before starting guest execution, chroot to the specified directory. Especially useful in combination with -runas.
-runas user
Immediately before starting guest execution, drop root privileges, switching to the specified user.
-prom-env variable=value
Set OpenBIOS nvram variable to given value (PPC, SPARC only).
-semihosting
Semihosting mode (ARM, M68K, Xtensa only).
-old-param
Old param mode (ARM only).
-readconfig file
Read device configuration from file.
-writeconfig file
Write device configuration to file.
-nodefconfig
Normally QEMU loads configuration files from sysconfdir and datadir at startup. The "-nodefconfig" option will prevent QEMU from
loading any of those config files.
-no-user-config
The "-no-user-config" option makes QEMU not load any of the user-provided config files on sysconfdir, but won't make it skip the QEMU-
provided config files from datadir.
-trace [events=file][,file=file]
Specify tracing options.
events=file
Immediately enable events listed in file. The file must contain one event name (as listed in the trace-events file) per line.
This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with either simple or stderr tracing backend.
file=file
Log output traces to file.
This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with the simple tracing backend.
During the graphical emulation, you can use special key combinations to change modes. The default key mappings are shown below, but if you
use "-alt-grab" then the modifier is Ctrl-Alt-Shift (instead of Ctrl-Alt) and if you use "-ctrl-grab" then the modifier is the right Ctrl
key (instead of Ctrl-Alt):
Ctrl-Alt-f
Toggle full screen
Ctrl-Alt-+
Enlarge the screen
Ctrl-Alt--
Shrink the screen
Ctrl-Alt-u
Restore the screen's un-scaled dimensions
Ctrl-Alt-n
Switch to virtual console 'n'. Standard console mappings are:
1 Target system display
2 Monitor
3 Serial port
Ctrl-Alt
Toggle mouse and keyboard grab.
In the virtual consoles, you can use Ctrl-Up, Ctrl-Down, Ctrl-PageUp and Ctrl-PageDown to move in the back log.
During emulation, if you are using the -nographic option, use Ctrl-a h to get terminal commands:
Ctrl-a h
Ctrl-a ?
Print this help
Ctrl-a x
Exit emulator
Ctrl-a s
Save disk data back to file (if -snapshot)
Ctrl-a t
Toggle console timestamps
Ctrl-a b
Send break (magic sysrq in Linux)
Ctrl-a c
Switch between console and monitor
Ctrl-a Ctrl-a
Send Ctrl-a
The following options are specific to the PowerPC emulation:
-g WxH[xDEPTH]
Set the initial VGA graphic mode. The default is 800x600x15.
-prom-env string
Set OpenBIOS variables in NVRAM, for example:
qemu-system-ppc -prom-env 'auto-boot?=false'
-prom-env 'boot-device=hd:2,yaboot'
-prom-env 'boot-args=conf=hd:2,yaboot.conf'
These variables are not used by Open Hack'Ware.
The following options are specific to the Sparc32 emulation:
-g WxHx[xDEPTH]
Set the initial TCX graphic mode. The default is 1024x768x8, currently the only other possible mode is 1024x768x24.
-prom-env string
Set OpenBIOS variables in NVRAM, for example:
qemu-system-sparc -prom-env 'auto-boot?=false'
-prom-env 'boot-device=sd(0,2,0):d' -prom-env 'boot-args=linux single'
-M [SS-4|SS-5|SS-10|SS-20|SS-600MP|LX|Voyager|SPARCClassic] [|SPARCbook|SS-2|SS-1000|SS-2000]
Set the emulated machine type. Default is SS-5.
The following options are specific to the Sparc64 emulation:
-prom-env string
Set OpenBIOS variables in NVRAM, for example:
qemu-system-sparc64 -prom-env 'auto-boot?=false'
-M [sun4u|sun4v|Niagara]
Set the emulated machine type. The default is sun4u.
SEE ALSO
The HTML documentation of QEMU for more precise information and Linux user mode emulator invocation.
AUTHOR
Fabrice Bellard
2014-10-04 QEMU(1)