ns(4f) [bsd man page]
NS(4F) NS(4F) NAME
ns - Xerox Network Systems(tm) protocol family SYNOPSIS
Not currently supported under 2.11BSD DESCRIPTION
The NS protocol family is a collection of protocols layered atop the Internet Datagram Protocol (IDP) transport layer, and using the Xerox NS address formats. The NS family provides protocol support for the SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM, SOCK_SEQPACKET, and SOCK_RAW socket types; the SOCK_RAW interface is a debugging tool, allowing you to trace all packets entering, (or with toggling kernel variable, additionally leaving) the local host. ADDRESSING
NS addresses are 12 byte quantities, consisting of a 4 byte Network number, a 6 byte Host number and a 2 byte port number, all stored in network standard format. (on the VAX these are word and byte reversed; on the Sun they are not reversed). The include file <netns/ns.h> defines the NS address as a structure containing unions (for quicker comparisons). Sockets in the Internet protocol family use the following addressing structure: struct sockaddr_ns { short sns_family; struct ns_addr sns_addr; char sns_zero[2]; }; where an ns_addr is composed as follows: union ns_host { u_char c_host[6]; u_short s_host[3]; }; union ns_net { u_char c_net[4]; u_short s_net[2]; }; struct ns_addr { union ns_net x_net; union ns_host x_host; u_short x_port; }; Sockets may be created with an address of all zeroes to effect ``wildcard'' matching on incoming messages. The local port address speci- fied in a bind(2) call is restricted to be greater than NSPORT_RESERVED (=3000, in <netns/ns.h>) unless the creating process is running as the super-user, providing a space of protected port numbers. PROTOCOLS
The NS protocol family supported by the operating system is comprised of the Internet Datagram Protocol (IDP) idp(4P), Error Protocol (available through IDP), and Sequenced Packet Protocol (SPP) spp(4P). SPP is used to support the SOCK_STREAM and SOCK_SEQPACKET abstraction, while IDP is used to support the SOCK_DGRAM abstraction. The Error protocol is responded to by the kernel to handle and report errors in protocol processing; it is, however, only accessible to user programs through heroic actions. SEE ALSO
intro(3), byteorder(3N), gethostbyname(3N), getnetent(3N), getprotoent(3N), getservent(3N), ns(3N), intro(4N), spp(4P), idp(4P), nsip(4) Internet Transport Protocols, Xerox Corporation document XSIS-028112 An Advanced 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial 3rd Berkeley Distribution January 27, 1996 NS(4F)
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INET(4) BSD Kernel Interfaces Manual INET(4) NAME
inet -- Internet protocol family SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h> #include <netinet/in.h> DESCRIPTION
The Internet protocol family is a collection of protocols layered atop the Internet Protocol (IP) transport layer, and utilizing the Internet address format. The Internet family provides protocol support for the SOCK_STREAM, SOCK_DGRAM, and SOCK_RAW socket types; the SOCK_RAW interface provides access to the IP protocol. ADDRESSING
Internet addresses are four byte quantities, stored in network standard format (on the VAX these are word and byte reversed). The include file <netinet/in.h> defines this address as a discriminated union. Sockets bound to the Internet protocol family utilize the following addressing structure, struct sockaddr_in { short sin_family; u_short sin_port; struct in_addr sin_addr; char sin_zero[8]; }; Sockets may be created with the local address INADDR_ANY to effect ``wildcard'' matching on incoming messages. The address in a connect(2) or sendto(2) call may be given as INADDR_ANY to mean ``this host''. The distinguished address INADDR_BROADCAST is allowed as a shorthand for the broadcast address on the primary network if the first network configured supports broadcast. PROTOCOLS
The Internet protocol family is comprised of the IP transport protocol, Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), Transmission Control Proto- col (TCP), and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP is used to support the SOCK_STREAM abstraction while UDP is used to support the SOCK_DGRAM abstraction. A raw interface to IP is available by creating an Internet socket of type SOCK_RAW. The ICMP message protocol is accessible from a raw socket. The 32-bit Internet address contains both network and host parts. It is frequency-encoded; the most-significant bit is clear in Class A addresses, in which the high-order 8 bits are the network number. Class B addresses use the high-order 16 bits as the network field, and Class C addresses have a 24-bit network part. Sites with a cluster of local networks and a connection to the Internet may chose to use a single network number for the cluster; this is done by using subnet addressing. The local (host) portion of the address is further subdi- vided into subnet and host parts. Within a subnet, each subnet appears to be an individual network; externally, the entire cluster appears to be a single, uniform network requiring only a single routing entry. Subnet addressing is enabled and examined by the following ioctl(2) commands on a datagram socket in the Internet domain; they have the same form as the SIOCIFADDR command (see intro(4)). SIOCSIFNETMASK Set interface network mask. The network mask defines the network part of the address; if it contains more of the address than the address type would indicate, then subnets are in use. SIOCGIFNETMASK Get interface network mask. SEE ALSO
ioctl(2), socket(2), intro(4), tcp(4), udp(4), ip(4), icmp(4) "An Introductory 4.3 BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial", PS1, 7. "An Advanced 4.3 BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial", PS1, 8. CAVEAT
The Internet protocol support is subject to change as the Internet protocols develop. Users should not depend on details of the current implementation, but rather the services exported. HISTORY
The inet protocol interface appeared in 4.2BSD. 4.2 Berkeley Distribution June 5, 1993 4.2 Berkeley Distribution