notify(3)						   BSD Library Functions Manual 						 notify(3)

NAME

     notify_post, notify_register_check, notify_register_dispatch, notify_register_signal, notify_register_mach_port,
     notify_register_file_descriptor, notify_check, notify_get_state, notify_set_state, notify_suspend, notify_resume, notify_cancel -- event dis-
     tribution functions

SYNOPSIS

     #include <notify.h>

     uint32_t
     notify_post(const char *name);

     uint32_t
     notify_register_check(const char *name, int *out_token);

     uint32_t
     notify_register_dispatch(const char *name, int *out_token, dispatch_queue_t queue, notify_handler_t handler);

     uint32_t
     notify_register_signal(const char *name, int sig, int *out_token);

     uint32_t
     notify_register_mach_port(const char *name, mach_port_t *notify_port, int flags, int *out_token);

     uint32_t
     notify_register_file_descriptor(const char *name, int *notify_fd, int flags, int *out_token);

     uint32_t
     notify_check(int token, int *check);

     uint32_t
     notify_set_state(int token, uint64_t state);

     uint32_t
     notify_get_state(int token, uint64_t *state);

     uint32_t
     notify_suspend(int token);

     uint32_t
     notify_resume(int token);

     uint32_t
     notify_cancel(int token);

DESCRIPTION

     These routines allow processes to exchange stateless notification events.	Processes post notifications to a single system-wide notification
     server, which then distributes notifications to client processes that have registered to receive those notifications, including processes run
     by other users.

     Notifications are associated with names in a namespace shared by all clients of the system.  Clients may post notifications for names, and
     may monitor names for posted notifications.  Clients may request notification delivery by a number of different methods.

     Clients desiring to monitor names in the notification system must register with the system, providing a name and other information required
     for the desired notification delivery method.  Clients are given an integer token representing the registration.

     The kernel provides limited queues for mach message and file descriptor messages.	It is important to make sure that clients read mach ports
     and file descriptors frequently to prevent messages from being lost due to resource limitations.  Clients that use signal-based notification
     should be aware that signals are not delivered to a process while it is running in a signal handler.  This may affect the delivery of signals
     in close succession.

     Notifications may be coalesced in some cases.  Multiple events posted for a name in rapid succession may result in a single notification sent
     to clients registered for notification for that name.  Clients checking for changes using the notify_check() routine cannot determine if more
     than one event has been posted since a previous call to notify_check() for that name.

     "False positives" may occur in notify_check() when used with a token generated by notify_register_check() due to implementation constraints.
     This behavior may vary in future releases.

   notify_post
     This routine causes the system to send a notification for the given name to all clients that have registered for notifications of this name.
     This is the only API required for an appication that only produces notifications.

   notify_register_check
     Registers for passive notification for the given name.  The routine generates a token that may be used with the notify_check() routine to
     check if any notifications have been posted for the name.	The check is implemented using a shared memory scheme, making the check very fast
     and efficient.  The implementation has a limited amount of shared memory, so developers are encouraged to use this mechanism sparingly.  It
     is also important to release the resources consumed by a registration with notify_cancel() when they are no longer required by the applica-
     tion.

   notify_register_dispatch
     registers a callback handler in the form of a block which will be dispatched to the queue when a notification for the given name is received.
     This is a convenient way to register callbacks without any management of file descriptors, mach ports, or signals on the part of the applica-
     tion.  The given queue is retained by the system for the lifetime of the notification.  Use notify_cancel() to release the notification and
     its reference to the queue.

   notify_register_signal
     registers a client for notification delivery via a signal.  This fits well with the design of many UNIX daemons that use a signal such as
     SIGHUP to reinitialize of reset internal state information.  Clients may use the registration token generated by this routine to check for
     notifications using notify_check().  This allows the application to determine if a signal was received as the result of a notification, or if
     the signal was generated by some other source.  It also permits the application that registers for signal notification for multiple names to
     determine which name was associated with the notification.

   notify_register_mach_port
     registers a client for notification delivery via mach messaging.  Notifications are delivered by an empty message sent to a mach port.  By
     default, a new port is created by a call to this routine.	A mach port previously created by a call to this routine may be used for notifica-
     tions if a pointer to that port is passed in to the routine and NOTIFY_REUSE is set in the flags parameter.  The notification service must be
     able to extract send rights to the port.

     Note that the kernel limits the size of the message queue for any port.  If it is important that notifications should not be lost due to
     queue overflow, clients should service messages quickly, and be cautious in using the same port for notifications for more than one name.

     A notification message has an empty message body.	The msgh_id field in the mach message header will have the value of the notification
     token.  If a port is reused for multiple notification registrations, the msgh_id value may be used to determine which name generated the
     notification.

   notify_register_file_descriptor
     Register for notification by a write to a file descriptor.

     By default, a new file descriptor is created and a pointer to it is returned as the value of the "notify_fd" parameter.  A file descriptor
     created by a previous call to this routine may be used for notifications if a pointer to that file descriptor is passed in to the routine and
     NOTIFY_REUSE is set in the flags parameter.

     Note that the kernel limits the buffer space for queued writes on a file descriptor.  If it is important that notifications should not be
     lost due to queue overflow, clients should service messages quickly, and be cautious in using the same file descriptor for notifications for
     more than one name.

     Notifications are delivered by an integer value written to the file descriptor.  The value is sent in network byte order.	When converted to
     host byte order, for example by using ntohl(), it will match the notification token for which the notification was generated.

   notify_check
     Checks if any notifications have been posted for a name.  The output parameter "check" is set to 0 for false, 1 for true.	A true indication
     is returned the first time notify_check is called for a token.  Subsequent calls give a true indication when notifications have been posted
     for the name associated with the notification token.

     notify_check() may be used with any notification token produced by any of the notification registration routines.	A fast check based on a
     shared memory implementation is used when the token was generated by notify_register_check().  Other tokens are checked by a call to the
     notification server.

   notify_set_state
     Set a 64-bit unsigned integer variable associated with a token.

     Each registered notification key has an associated 64-bit integer variable, which may be set using this routine and examined using the
     notify_get_state() routine.  The state variable is free to be used by clients of the notification API.  It may be used to synchronize state
     information between cooperating processes or threads.  (Available in Mac OS X 10.5 or later.)

   notify_get_state
     Get the 64-bit unsigned integer value associated with a token.  The default value of a state variable is zero.  (Available in Mac OS X 10.5
     or later.)

   notify_suspend
     Suspends delivery of notifications for a notification token.  Any notifications corresponding to a token that are posted while it is sus-
     pended will be coalesced, and pended until notifications are resumed using notify_resume().

     Calls to notify_suspend() may be nested.  Notifications will resume only when a matching number of calls are made to notify_resume().

   notify_resume
     Removes one level of suspension for a token previously suspended by a call to notify_suspend().  When resumed, notifications will be deliv-
     ered normally.  A single notification will be generated if any notifications were pended while the token was suspended.

   notify_cancel
     Cancel notification and free resources associated with a notification token.  Mach ports and file descriptor associated with a token are
     released (deallocated or closed) when all registration tokens associated with the port or file descriptor have been cancelled.

NAMESPACE CONVENTIONS

     Names in the namespace must be NULL-terminated.  Names should be encoded as UTF-8 strings.

     The namespace supported by the system is unstructured, but users of this API are highly encouraged to follow the reverse-ICANN domain name
     convention used for Java package names and for System Preferences on Mac OS X.  For example, "com.mydomain.example.event".

     Apple Computer reserves the portion of the namespace prefixed by "com.apple.".  This policy is not enforced in the current implementation,
     but may be in the future.

     Names in the space "user.uid.UID", where UID is a numeric user ID number are reserved for processes with that UID.  Names in this protected
     space may only be accessed or modified by processes with the effective UID specified as the UID in the name.  The name "user.uid.UID" is pro-
     tected for the given UID, as are any names of the form "user.uid.UID.<sub-path>".	In the latter case, the name must have a dot character
     following the UID.

     Third party developers are encouraged to choose a prefix for names that will avoid conflicts in the shared namespace.

     The portion of the namespece prefixed by the string "self." is set aside for private use by applications.	That is, each client may use that
     part of the namespace for intra-process notifications.  These notifications are private to each individual process and are not propagated
     between processes.

USAGE EXAMPLES

     A notification producer.

	 #include <notify.h>
	 ...

	 notify_post("com.eg.random.event");

     A client using notify_check() to determine when to invalidate a cache.

	 #include <stdio.h>
	 #include <stdlib.h>
	 #include <notify.h>

	 int
	 main(int argc, char *argv[])
	 {
	     int status, token, check;

	     status = notify_register_check("com.eg.update", &token);
	     if (status != NOTIFY_STATUS_OK)
	     {
		fprintf(stderr, "registration failed (%u)
", status);
		exit(status);
	     }

	     build_my_cache();

	     ...

	     status = notify_check(token, &check);
	     if ((status == NOTIFY_STATUS_OK) && (check != 0))
	     {
		/* An update has occurred - invalidate the cache */
		reset_my_cache();
	     }

	     ...

     A client using file descriptor notifications.

	 #include <stdio.h>
	 #include <stdlib.h>
	 #include <string.h>
	 #include <errno.h>
	 #include <sys/types.h>
	 #include <sys/time.h>
	 #include <unistd.h>
	 #include <notify.h>

	 int
	 main(int argc, char *argv[])
	 {
	     int nf, status, rtoken, qtoken, t;
	     fd_set readfds;

	     status = notify_register_file_descriptor("com.eg.random.event",
		&nf, 0, &rtoken);
	     if (status != NOTIFY_STATUS_OK)
	     {
		fprintf(stderr, "registration failed (%u)
", status);
		exit(status);
	     }

	     status = notify_register_file_descriptor("com.eg.random.quit",
		 &nf, NOTIFY_REUSE, &qtoken);
	     if (status != NOTIFY_STATUS_OK)
	     {
		fprintf(stderr, "registration failed (%u)
", status);
		exit(status);
	     }

	     FD_ZERO(&readfds);
	     FD_SET(nf, &readfds);

	     for (;;)
	     {
		status = select(nf+1, &readfds, NULL, NULL, NULL);
		if (status <= 0) continue;
		if (!FD_ISSET(nf, &readfds)) continue;

		status = read(nf, &t, sizeof(int));
		if (status < 0)
		{
		    perror("read");
		    break;
		}

		t = ntohl(t);

		if (t == rtoken) printf("random event
");
		else if (t == qtoken) break;
	     }

	     printf("shutting down
");
	     notify_cancel(rtoken);
	     notify_cancel(qtoken);
	     exit(0);
	 }

     A client using dispatch notifications.

	 #include <stdio.h>
	 #include <stdlib.h>
	 #include <notify.h>
	 #include <dispatch/dispatch.h>

	 int
	 main(void)
	 {
	     int token, status;

	     status = notify_register_dispatch("com.eg.random.event", &token,
		 dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^(int t) {
		     printf("com.eg.random.event received!
"); });

	     dispatch_main();
	     exit(0);
	 }

HISTORY

     These functions first appeared in Mac OS X 10.3.

SEE ALSO

     ntohl(3), read(2), select(2), signal(3)

Mac OS X							 September 3, 2008							  Mac OS X