tail(1) 							   User Commands							   tail(1)

NAME

       tail - deliver the last part of a file

SYNOPSIS

       /usr/bin/tail [+-s number [lbcr]] [file]

       /usr/bin/tail [-lbcr] [file]

       /usr/bin/tail [+- number [lbcf]] [file]

       /usr/bin/tail [-lbcf] [file]

       /usr/xpg4/bin/tail [-f | -r] [-c number | -n number] [file]

       /usr/xpg4/bin/tail [+- number [l | b | c] [f]] [file]

       /usr/xpg4/bin/tail [+- number [l] [f | r]] [file]

DESCRIPTION

       The  tail  utility copies the named file to the standard output beginning at a designated place. If no file is named, the standard input is
       used.

       Copying begins at a point in the file indicated by the -cnumber, -nnumber, or +-number options (if +number is specified, begins at distance
       number  from  the  beginning;  if  -number  is specified, from the end of the input; if number is NULL, the value 10 is assumed). number is
       counted in units of lines or byte according to the -c  or  -n options, or lines, blocks, or bytes, according to the appended option  l,	b,
       or c. When no units are specified, counting is by lines.

OPTIONS

       The  following  options	are supported for both /usr/bin/tail and /usr/xpg4/bin/tail. The -r and -f options are mutually exclusive. If both
       are specified on the command line, the -f option is ignored.

       -b     Units of blocks.

       -c     Units of bytes.

       -f     Follow. If the input-file is not a pipe, the program does not terminate after the line of the input-file has been copied, but enters
	      an  endless loop, wherein it sleeps for a second and then attempts to read and copy further records from the input-file. Thus it can
	      be used to monitor the growth of a file that is being written by some other process.

       -l     Units of lines.

       -r     Reverse. Copies lines from the specified starting point in the file in reverse order. The default for r is to print the entire  file
	      in reverse order.

   /usr/xpg4/bin/tail
       The following options are supported for /usr/xpg4/bin/tail only:

       -c number     The number option-argument must be a decimal integer whose sign affects the location in the file, measured in bytes, to begin
		     the copying:

		     +	      Copying starts relative to the beginning of the file.

		     -	      Copying starts relative to the end of the file.

		     none     Copying starts relative to the end of the file.

		     The origin for counting is 1; that is, -c+1 represents the first byte of the file, -c-1 the last.

       -n number     Equivalent to -cnumber, except the starting location in the file is measured in lines instead of bytes. The origin for count-
		     ing is 1. That is, -n+1 represents the first line of the file, -n-1 the last.

OPERANDS

       The following operand is supported:

       file	A path name of an input file. If no file operands are specified, the standard input is used.

USAGE

       See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of tail when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).

EXAMPLES

       Example 1 Using the tail Command

       The  following command prints the last ten lines of the file fred, followed by any lines that are appended to fred between the time tail is
       initiated and killed.

	 example% tail -f fred

       The next command prints the last 15 bytes of the file fred, followed by any lines that are appended to fred between the time tail is initi-
       ated and killed:

	 example% tail -15cf fred

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

       See  environ(5)	for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of tail: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MES-
       SAGES, and NLSPATH.

EXIT STATUS

       The following exit values are returned:

       0      Successful completion.

       >0     An error occurred.

ATTRIBUTES

       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

   /usr/bin/tail
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     |	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |Availability		     |SUNWcsu			   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |CSI			     |Enabled			   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+

   /usr/xpg4/bin/tail
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     |	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |Availability		     |SUNWxcu4			   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |CSI			     |Enabled			   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |Interface Stability	     |Standard			   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+

SEE ALSO

       cat(1), head(1), more(1), pg(1), dd(1M), attributes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), standards(5)

NOTES

       Piped tails relative to the end of the file are stored in a buffer, and thus are limited in length. Various kinds of anomalous behavior can
       happen with character special files.

SunOS 5.11							    13 Jul 2005 							   tail(1)