04-08-2011
Contents of paths, that means all (dir, file, link, device, FIFO) entry names in the subtree, permissions, flat file contents, link counts, modified dates, access dates -- well, they are probably never the same unless you can access both trees identically in each second. Diff two dirs does some of this. ls goes in alpha order, if I remember the man page right. You can always sort. find might be better than ls, providing relative paths of every entry name. cmp can compare file contents, even if binary, one file at a time. So, the first trick is good requirement writing!
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LN(1) General Commands Manual LN(1)
NAME
ln, clone - create a link to a file
SYNOPSIS
ln [-ifmrRvx] file [name]
ln [-ifrRvx] file ... dir
clone [-ifmvx] file [name]
OPTIONS
-i Ask if ok to remove a file
-f Remove existing links
-m Merge trees, disable the into-a-directory trick
-rR Recursively link a directory tree
-v Display what ln is doing
-x Do not cross device boundaries
EXAMPLES
ln file newname # Make newname a synonym for file
ln /usr/games/chess # Create a link called chess
DESCRIPTION
A directory entry is created for name . The entry points to file . Henceforth, name and file can be used interchangeably. If name is not
supplied, the last component of file is used as the link name. If more than one file is supplied or the name refers to an existing direc-
tory, links will be created in that directory. An existing name will not be removed unless the -i or -f flag is specified.
Clone is a convenient synonym for ln -fmr to create a so-called "link farm", a directory full of links to the original tree.
SEE ALSO
cp(1), link(2), unlink(2).
LN(1)