IMHO you are foregoing something in your character count:
Code:
# cat file
hello
# wc -c file
6 file
# od -ax file
0000000 h e l l o lf
6865 6c6c 6f0a
0000006
You have a "lf" (line feed) character at the end of the line. This is the case in every well-formed ASCII text file, that the last line is terminated by a line-feed-character.
I hope this helps.
bakunin
/PS: a difference between "bytes" and "characters" would mean that there are multi-byte characters in your file (like the text being in Unicode, etc.)
These 2 Users Gave Thanks to bakunin For This Post:
Correct the (old) ASCII code is a 7-bit (1 byte = 8 bits).
More information : https: //www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/chars.html
But depends on your charactersettings of your system.
Quote:
Specifying a Character Encoding on Linux, UNIX, and Mac
The character encoding used on a Linux or UNIX system depends on the setting of the LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE or LANG environment variables. (At this writing, setting a basis.java.args=-Dfile.encoding= line in the BBj.properties file has no effect.) These three environment variables accept the name of a locale as their value. It is not typically necessary to explicitly set all three variables, but it is important to understand their hierarchy and what they actually do.
The LC_* environment variables, such as LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, etc, each control a specific aspect of software behavior in a given country-specific locale. They exist to provide a finer degree of control over these behaviors. The LC_CTYPE variable controls character encoding. The LANG environment variable provides a setting for each of these various aspects, but individual behavior categories can be overridden by the LC_* variables. The LC_ALL environment variable supersedes both the LC_* and the LANG variables. When BBj is started on a Linux or UNIX machine, the system sets the character encoding by checking the LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE and LANG environment variables in that order. The first one of these variables that contains a valid setting will be used, and the others will be ignored. This means if a particular setting for LANG is ineffective, check for the presence of LC_CTYPE or LC_ALL variables which could be overriding it. If none of these environment variables are set, the system will use the default locale found in the /usr/lib/locale directory.
Configuring environment variables for BBj can be done in the <bbj install dir>/bin/.envsetup file. Following are some examples:
LC_ALL=en_US.ISO8859-15
In this example a code set modifier, .ISO8859-15, has been appended to the locale name to specify the ISO-8859-15 character set.
LANG=de_DE@euro
The @euro causes the ISO-8859-15 character set to be used, which has a character mapping for the Euro character at $A4$. Setting the de_DE locale without @euro would get the ISO-8859-1 character set, which has no Euro character.
LANG=de_DE.cp1252
Here the code set modifier .cp1252 has been appended to the de_DE locale, specifying that Microsoft's modified version of the ISO-8859-1 character set should be used. This setting for LANG provides $80$ as a mapping for the Euro character, which would solve the difficulty with the accounting system described above. Unfortunately, most Linux systems do not have locales equipped to use the CP1252 character set. Such a new locale would have to be defined before the LANG variable could be assigned to it. See "Defining a New Locale" below for instructions on how to do this.
This is the case in every well-formed ASCII text file, that the last line is terminated by a line-feed-character.
That'd be correct for all *nix based systems...others like Apple use a carriage return while Windoze uses a CR+LF combo to separate an ASCII text stream into lines...
That'd be correct for all *nix based systems...others like Apple use a carriage return while Windoze uses a CR+LF combo to separate an ASCII text stream into lines...
Sorry - you are right, of course. Since the thread was about the behavior of the wc command i took only unixoid systems into account.
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