DD(1) General Commands Manual DD(1)
NAME
dd - convert and copy a file
SYNOPSIS
dd [ option value ] ...
DESCRIPTION
Dd copies the specified input file to the specified output with possible conversions. The standard input and output are used by default.
The input and output block size may be specified to take advantage of raw physical I/O. The options are
-if f Open file f for input.
-of f Open file f for output.
-ibs n Set input block size to n bytes (default 512).
-obs n Set output block size (default 512).
-bs n Set both input and output block size, superseding ibs and obs. If no conversion is specified, preserve the input block size
instead of packing short blocks into the output buffer. This is particularly efficient since no in-core copy need be done.
-cbs n Set conversion buffer size.
-skip n Skip n input records before copying.
-iseek n
Seek n records forward on input file before copying.
-files n
Catenate n input files (useful only for magnetic tape or similar input device).
-oseek n
Seek n records from beginning of output file before copying.
-count n
Copy only n input records.
-conv ascii Convert EBCDIC to ASCII.
ebcdic Convert ASCII to EBCDIC.
ibm Like ebcdic but with a slightly different character map.
block Convert variable length ASCII records to fixed length.
unblock Convert fixed length ASCII records to variable length.
lcase Map alphabetics to lower case.
ucase Map alphabetics to upper case.
swab Swap every pair of bytes.
noerror Do not stop processing on an error.
sync Pad every input record to ibs bytes.
Where sizes are specified, a number of bytes is expected. A number may end with or to specify multiplication by 1024 or 512 respectively;
a pair of numbers may be separated by to indicate a product. Multiple conversions may be specified in the style:
is used only if or conversion is specified. In the first two cases, n characters are copied into the conversion buffer, any specified
character mapping is done, trailing blanks are trimmed and new-line is added before sending the line to the output. In the latter three
cases, characters are read into the conversion buffer and blanks are added to make up an output record of size n. If is unspecified or
zero, the and options convert the character set without changing the block structure of the input file; the and options become a simple
file copy.
SOURCE
/sys/src/cmd/dd.c
SEE ALSO
cp(1)
DIAGNOSTICS
Dd reports the number of full + partial input and output blocks handled.
DD(1)
Check Out this Related Man Page
dd(1M) System Administration Commands dd(1M)
NAME
dd - convert and copy a file
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/dd [operand=value]...
DESCRIPTION
The dd utility copies the specified input file to the specified output with possible conversions. The standard input and output are used by
default. The input and output block sizes may be specified to take advantage of raw physical I/O. Sizes are specified in bytes; a number
may end with k, b, or w to specify multiplication by 1024, 512, or 2, respectively. Numbers may also be separated by x to indicate multi-
plication.
The dd utility reads the input one block at a time, using the specified input block size. dd then processes the block of data actually
returned, which could be smaller than the requested block size. dd applies any conversions that have been specified and writes the result-
ing data to the output in blocks of the specified output block size.
cbs is used only if ascii, asciib, unblock, ebcdic, ebcdicb, ibm, ibmb, or block conversion is specified. In the first two cases, cbs char-
acters are copied into the conversion buffer, any specified character mapping is done, trailing blanks are trimmed, and a NEWLINE is added
before sending the line to output. In the last three cases, characters up to NEWLINE are read into the conversion buffer and blanks are
added to make up an output record of size cbs. ASCII files are presumed to contain NEWLINE characters. If cbs is unspecified or 0, the
ascii, asciib, ebcdic, ebcdicb, ibm, and ibmb options convert the character set without changing the input file's block structure. The
unblock and block options become a simple file copy.
After completion, dd reports the number of whole and partial input and output blocks.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
if=file
Specifies the input path. Standard input is the default.
of=file
Specifies the output path. Standard output is the default. If the seek=expr conversion is not also specified, the output file will be
truncated before the copy begins, unless conv=notrunc is specified. If seek=expr is specified, but conv=notrunc is not, the effect of
the copy will be to preserve the blocks in the output file over which dd seeks, but no other portion of the output file will be pre-
served. (If the size of the seek plus the size of the input file is less than the previous size of the output file, the output file is
shortened by the copy.)
ibs=n
Specifies the input block size in n bytes (default is 512).
obs=n
Specifies the output block size in n bytes (default is 512).
bs=n
Sets both input and output block sizes to n bytes, superseding ibs= and obs=. If no conversion other than sync, noerror, and notrunc is
specified, each input block is copied to the output as a single block without aggregating short blocks.
cbs=n
Specifies the conversion block size for block and unblock in bytes by n (default is 0). If cbs= is omitted or given a value of 0, using
block or unblock produces unspecified results.
This option is used only if ASCII or EBCDIC conversion is specified. For the ascii and asciib operands, the input is handled as
described for the unblock operand except that characters are converted to ASCII before the trailing SPACE characters are deleted. For
the ebcdic, ebcdicb, ibm, and ibmb operands, the input is handled as described for the block operand except that the characters are
converted to EBCDIC or IBM EBCDIC after the trailing SPACE characters are added.
files=n
Copies and concatenates n input files before terminating (makes sense only where input is a magnetic tape or similar device).
skip=n
Skips n input blocks (using the specified input block size) before starting to copy. On seekable files, the implementation reads the
blocks or seeks past them. On non-seekable files, the blocks are read and the data is discarded.
iseek=n
Seeks n blocks from beginning of input file before copying (appropriate for disk files, where skip can be incredibly slow).
oseek=n
Seeks n blocks from beginning of output file before copying.
seek=n
Skips n blocks (using the specified output block size) from beginning of output file before copying. On non-seekable files, existing
blocks are read and space from the current end-of-file to the specified offset, if any, is filled with null bytes. On seekable files,
the implementation seeks to the specified offset or reads the blocks as described for non-seekable files.
count=n
Copies only n input blocks.
conv=value[,value...]
Where values are comma-separated symbols from the following list:
ascii Converts EBCDIC to ASCII.
asciib Converts EBCDIC to ASCII using BSD-compatible character translations.
ebcdic Converts ASCII to EBCDIC. If converting fixed-length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=unblock
beforehand.
ebcdicb Converts ASCII to EBCDIC using BSD-compatible character translations. If converting fixed-length ASCII records without NEW-
LINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
ibm Slightly different map of ASCII to EBCDIC. If converting fixed-length ASCII records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline
with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
ibmb Slightly different map of ASCII to EBCDIC using BSD-compatible character translations. If converting fixed-length ASCII
records without NEWLINEs, sets up a pipeline with dd conv=unblock beforehand.
The ascii (or asciib), ebcdic (or ebcdicb), and ibm (or ibmb) values are mutually exclusive.
block Treats the input as a sequence of NEWLINE-terminated or EOF-terminated variable-length records independent of the input
block boundaries. Each record is converted to a record with a fixed length specified by the conversion block size. Any NEW-
LINE character is removed from the input line. SPACE characters are appended to lines that are shorter than their conversion
block size to fill the block. Lines that are longer than the conversion block size are truncated to the largest number of
characters that will fit into that size. The number of truncated lines is reported.
unblock Converts fixed-length records to variable length. Reads a number of bytes equal to the conversion block size (or the number
of bytes remaining in the input, if less than the conversion block size), delete all trailing SPACE characters, and append a
NEWLINE character.
The block and unblock values are mutually exclusive.
lcase Maps upper-case characters specified by the LC_CTYPE keyword tolower to the corresponding lower-case character. Characters for
which no mapping is specified are not modified by this conversion.
ucase Maps lower-case characters specified by the LC_CTYPE keyword toupper to the corresponding upper-case character. Characters for
which no mapping is specified are not modified by this conversion.
The lcase and ucase symbols are mutually exclusive.
swab Swaps every pair of input bytes. If the current input record is an odd number of bytes, the last byte in the input record is
ignored.
noerror Does not stop processing on an input error. When an input error occurs, a diagnostic message is written on standard error,
followed by the current input and output block counts in the same format as used at completion. If the sync conversion is
specified, the missing input is replaced with null bytes and processed normally. Otherwise, the input block will be omitted
from the output.
notrunc Does not truncate the output file. Preserves blocks in the output file not explicitly written by this invocation of dd. (See
also the preceding of=file operand.)
sync Pads every input block to the size of the ibs= buffer, appending null bytes. (If either block or unblock is also specified,
appends SPACE characters, rather than null bytes.)
If operands other than conv= are specified more than once, the last specified operand=value is used.
For the bs=, cbs=, ibs=, and obs= operands, the application must supply an expression specifying a size in bytes. The expression, expr, can
be:
1. a positive decimal number
2. a positive decimal number followed by k, specifying multiplication by 1024
3. a positive decimal number followed by b, specifying multiplication by 512
4. two or more positive decimal numbers (with or without k or b) separated by x, specifying the product of the indicated values.
All of the operands will be processed before any input is read.
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of dd when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Copying from one tape drive to another
The following example copies from tape drive 0 to tape drive 1, using a common historical device naming convention.
example% dd if=/dev/rmt/0h of=/dev/rmt/1h
Example 2 Stripping the first 10 bytes from standard input
The following example strips the first 10 bytes from standard input:
example% dd ibs=10 skip=1
Example 3 Reading a tape into an ASCII file
This example reads an EBCDIC tape blocked ten 80-byte EBCDIC card images per block into the ASCII file x:
example% dd if=/dev/tape of=x ibs=800 cbs=80 conv=ascii,lcase
Example 4 Using conv=sync to write to tape
The following example uses conv=sync when writing to a tape:
example% tar cvf - . | compress | dd obs=1024k of=/dev/rmt/0 conv=sync
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of dd: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, LC_MES-
SAGES, and NLSPATH.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 The input file was copied successfully.
>0 An error occurred.
If an input error is detected and the noerror conversion has not been specified, any partial output block will be written to the output
file, a diagnostic message will be written, and the copy operation will be discontinued. If some other error is detected, a diagnostic mes-
sage will be written and the copy operation will be discontinued.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|Availability |SUNWcsu |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|Interface Stability |Standard |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
SEE ALSO
cp(1), sed(1), tr(1), attributes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), standards(5)
DIAGNOSTICS
f+p records in(out) numbers of full and partial blocks read(written)
NOTES
Do not use dd to copy files between file systems having different block sizes.
Using a blocked device to copy a file will result in extra nulls being added to the file to pad the final block to the block boundary.
When dd reads from a pipe, using the ibs=X and obs=Y operands, the output will always be blocked in chunks of size Y. When bs=Z is
used, the output blocks will be whatever was available to be read from the pipe at the time.
When using dd to copy files to a tape device, the file size must be a multiple of the device sector size (for example, 512 Kbyte). To
copy files of arbitrary size to a tape device, use tar(1) or cpio(1).
For SIGINT, dd writes status information to standard error before exiting. It takes the standard action for all other signals.
SunOS 5.11 16 Sep 1996 dd(1M)