tail(1) [osx man page]
TAIL(1) BSD General Commands Manual TAIL(1) NAME
tail -- display the last part of a file SYNOPSIS
tail [-F | -f | -r] [-q] [-b number | -c number | -n number] [file ...] DESCRIPTION
The tail utility displays the contents of file or, by default, its standard input, to the standard output. The display begins at a byte, line or 512-byte block location in the input. Numbers having a leading plus ('+') sign are relative to the beginning of the input, for example, ``-c +2'' starts the display at the second byte of the input. Numbers having a leading minus ('-') sign or no explicit sign are relative to the end of the input, for example, ``-n 2'' displays the last two lines of the input. The default start- ing location is ``-n 10'', or the last 10 lines of the input. The options are as follows: -b number The location is number 512-byte blocks. -c number The location is number bytes. -f The -f option causes tail to not stop when end of file is reached, but rather to wait for additional data to be appended to the input. The -f option is ignored if the standard input is a pipe, but not if it is a FIFO. -F The -F option implies the -f option, but tail will also check to see if the file being followed has been renamed or rotated. The file is closed and reopened when tail detects that the filename being read from has a new inode number. The -F option is ignored if reading from standard input rather than a file. -n number The location is number lines. -q Suppresses printing of headers when multiple files are being examined. -r The -r option causes the input to be displayed in reverse order, by line. Additionally, this option changes the meaning of the -b, -c and -n options. When the -r option is specified, these options specify the number of bytes, lines or 512-byte blocks to display, instead of the bytes, lines or blocks from the beginning or end of the input from which to begin the display. The default for the -r option is to display all of the input. If more than a single file is specified, each file is preceded by a header consisting of the string ``==> XXX <=='' where XXX is the name of the file unless -q flag is specified. EXIT STATUS
The tail utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs. SEE ALSO
cat(1), head(1), sed(1) STANDARDS
The tail utility is expected to be a superset of the IEEE Std 1003.2-1992 (``POSIX.2'') specification. In particular, the -F, -b and -r options are extensions to that standard. The historic command line syntax of tail is supported by this implementation. The only difference between this implementation and historic versions of tail, once the command line syntax translation has been done, is that the -b, -c and -n options modify the -r option, i.e., ``-r -c 4'' displays the last 4 characters of the last line of the input, while the historic tail (using the historic syntax ``-4cr'') would ignore the -c option and display the last 4 lines of the input. HISTORY
A tail command appeared in PWB UNIX. BSD
June 29, 2006 BSD
Check Out this Related Man Page
tail(1) General Commands Manual tail(1) NAME
tail - Writes a file to standard output, beginning at a specified point SYNOPSIS
tail [-f | -r] [-c number | -n number] [file] tail [+number | -number] [unit] [-f | -r] [file] The tail command writes the named file (standard input by default) to standard output, beginning at a point you specify. The second synopsis form of this command is obsolete, and support may be withdrawn at any time. STANDARDS
Interfaces documented on this reference page conform to industry standards as follows: tail: XCU5.0 Refer to the standards(5) reference page for more information about industry standards and associated tags. OPTIONS
Displays the remainder of the file from the starting point number where number is measured in bytes. The sign of number affects the loca- tion in the file at which to begin the copying: Copying begins relative to the beginning of the file. Copying begins relative to the end of the file. Copying begins relative to the end of the file. The origin for counting is 1, that is, -c +1 represents the first byte of the file, -c -1 the last. Does not end after it copies the last line of the input file if the input file is not read from a pipe, but enters an endless loop in which it sleeps for a sec- ond and then attempts to read and copy further records from the input file. Thus, it can be used to monitor the growth of a file being written by another process. Has no effect if specified with -r. Displays remainder of file from the starting point number where number is measured in lines. The sign of number affects the location in the file, measured in lines, to begin the copying: Copying begins relative to the beginning of the file. Copying begins relative to the end of the file. Copying begins relative to the end of the file. The origin for counting is 1, that is, -n +1 represents the first line of the file, -n -1 the last. [Tru64 UNIX] Causes tail to print lines from the end of the file in reverse order. The default for -r is to print the entire file this way. Overrides -f. Begins reading number lines (l), 512-byte blocks (b), kilobyte blocks (k), characters (c and m) from the end of the input. The m argument counts mulktibyte characters as single-byte characters, while c counts characters byte-by-byte but does not break mulk- tibyte characters. The default unit is l for lines. The default number is 10 for all units. Begins reading number lines (l), 512-byte blocks (b), 1-kilobyte blocks (k), or characters (c and m) from the beginning of the input. The m argument counts mulktibyte characters as sin- gle-byte characters, while c counts characters byte-by-byte but does not break mulktibyte characters. The default unit is l for lines. The default number is 10 for all units. In the non-obsolescent form, if you do not specify either -c or n, -n 10 is the default. DESCRIPTION
If you do not specify -f, -r, -number, or +number, tail begins reading 10 lines before the end of the file. The default starting point is - (end of input), l (lines) is the default unit, and 10 is the default number. By specifying +, you can direct tail to read from the beginning of the file. By specifying a number or a unit, or both, you can change the point at which tail begins reading. [Tru64 UNIX] The unit argument can specify lines, blocks, or characters. The tail command can begin reading number (10 by default) units from either the end or the beginning of the file. [Tru64 UNIX] The block size is either 512 bytes or 1 kilobyte. NOTES
When the input is a text file containing mulktibyte characters, use the -c option cautiously since the output produced may not start on a character boundary. EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned: Successful completion. An error occurred. EXAMPLES
To display the last 10 lines of a file named notes, enter: tail notes To specify how far from the end to start, enter: tail -20 notes This displays the last 20 lines of notes. To specify how far from the beginning to start, enter: tail +200c notes | more This displays notes a page at a time, starting with the 200th character from the beginning. To follow the growth of a file named accounts, enter: tail -1 -f accounts This displays the last line of accounts. Once every second, tail displays any lines that have been added to the file. This contin- ues until stopped by pressing the Interrupt key sequence. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables affect the execution of tail: Provides a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. If LANG is unset or null, the corresponding value from the default locale is used. If any of the internationalization vari- ables contain an invalid setting, the utility behaves as if none of the variables had been defined. If set to a non-empty string value, overrides the values of all the other internationalization variables. Determines the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to mulktibyte characters in arguments and input files). Determines the locale for the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error. Determines the location of message catalogues for the processing of LC_MESSAGES. SEE ALSO
Commands: cat(1), head(1), more(1), page(1), pg(1) Standards: standards(5) tail(1)